Table 1 Characteristics of the study population by quartile groups of VAI
Characteristics | Visceral adiposity index | P value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1: < 0.86 | Q2: ≥ 0.86, < 1.41 | Q3: ≥ 1.41, < 2.35 | Q4: ≥ 2.35 | ||
N | 796 | 832 | 815 | 815 | Â |
Age, years | 66.9 ± 9.0 | 66.4 ± 9.2 | 65.3 ± 8.8 | 63.5 ± 9.0 | < 0.001 |
Male, n (%) | 646 (81.2) | 476 (57.2) | 310 (38.0) | 212 (26.0) | < 0.001 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 21.3 ± 1.7 | 21.9 ± 1.7 | 22.3 ± 1.7 | 22.8 ± 1.6 | < 0.001 |
Waist circumference, cm | 76.3 ± 6.3 | 78.7 ± 6.5 | 80.5 ± 6.4 | 82.5 ± 5.9 | < 0.001 |
BaPWV, m/s | 17.9 ± 3.7 | 18.1 ± 4.0 | 18.5 ± 3.9 | 18.5 ± 4.0 | 0.002 |
Visceral adiposity index | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 1.8 ± 0.3 | 4.4 ± 3.5 | < 0.001 |
High arterial stiffness, n (%) | 329 (41.3) | 360 (43.3) | 400 (49.1) | 404 (49.6) | < 0.001 |
SBP, mm Hg | 147.4 ± 18.6 | 147.7 ± 17.6 | 147.1 ± 17.8 | 148.2 ± 17.1 | 0.680 |
DBP, mm Hg | 88.0 ± 11.0 | 88.4 ± 10.8 | 87.6 ± 10.4 | 88.5 ± 10.9 | 0.308 |
Years of hypertension, years | 6.6 ± 7.1 | 7.2 ± 7.8 | 7.2 ± 7.4 | 6.9 ± 7.0 | 0.380 |
Laboratory tests | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Homocysteine, μmol/L | 19.9 ± 12.8 | 20.0 ± 13.5 | 18.4 ± 11.4 | 16.7 ± 7.9 | < 0.001 |
Fasting glucose, mmol/L | 5.8 ± 1.2 | 5.9 ± 1.3 | 6.1 ± 1.4 | 6.5 ± 1.9 | < 0.001 |
Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.9 ± 1.0 | 5.0 ± 1.1 | 5.2 ± 1.1 | 5.2 ± 1.2 | < 0.001 |
Triglyceride, mmol/L | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.6 ± 0.4 | 2.9 ± 1.5 | < 0.001 |
HDL, mmol/L | 1.8 ± 0.4 | 1.6 ± 0.3 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | < 0.001 |
eGFR, ml/min/1.73m2 | 84.6 ± 19.4 | 84.8 ± 19.0 | 85.6 ± 19.1 | 87.2 ± 19.6 | 0.032 |
Cigarette smoking, n (%) |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
Never | 245 (30.8) | 390 (46.9) | 510 (62.6) | 544 (66.7) | Â |
Former | 200 (25.1) | 171 (20.6) | 121 (14.8) | 106 (13.0) | Â |
Current | 351 (44.1) | 271 (32.6) | 184 (22.6) | 165 (20.2) | Â |
Alcohol consumption, n (%) |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
Never | 336 (42.2) | 508 (61.1) | 573 (70.3) | 618 (75.8) | Â |
Former | 134 (16.8) | 126 (15.1) | 79 (9.7) | 75 (9.2) | Â |
Current | 326 (41.0) | 198 (23.8) | 163 (20.0) | 122 (15.0) | Â |
Medical history, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Diabetes | 85 (10.7) | 107 (12.9) | 140 (17.2) | 216 (26.5) | < 0.001 |
Stroke | 57 (7.2) | 67 (8.1) | 75 (9.2) | 63 (7.7) | 0.489 |
CHD | 47 (5.9) | 59 (7.1) | 66 (8.1) | 52 (6.4) | 0.328 |
Antihypertensive drugs, n (%) | 440 (55.3) | 502 (60.3) | 521 (63.9) | 506 (62.1) | 0.003 |
Lipid-lowering drugs, n (%) | 21 (2.6) | 26 (3.1) | 26 (3.2) | 33 (4.0) | 0.449 |
Antidiabetic drugs, n (%) | 18 (2.3) | 26 (3.1) | 31 (3.8) | 57 (7.0) | < 0.001 |