|
n (%)
|
6240
|
3961 (63.4)
|
/
|
2279 (36.3)
|
/
|
/
|
|
Age (years)
|
62.2 ± 8.74
|
61.9 ± 8.56
|
44.3–91.2
|
62.9 ± 9.03
|
40.1–94.9
|
< 0.0001
|
|
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
|
134.8 ± 17.3
|
135.1 ± 17.7
|
66.3–224.7
|
134.2 ± 16.5
|
89.0–213.3
|
0.03
|
|
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)
|
76.3 ± 9.5
|
75.4 ± 9.5
|
42.0–127.3
|
77.8 ± 9.7
|
42.3–124.7
|
< 0.0001
|
|
Current smoking, n (%)
|
1224 (19.2)
|
20 (0.5)
|
/
|
1204 (51.5)
|
/
|
< 0.0001
|
|
Current drinking, n (%)
|
900 (14.1)
|
45 (1.11)
|
/
|
855 (36.5)
|
/
|
< 0.0001
|
|
Physical activity (MET-h/wk)
|
18 (4.5–21.0)
|
21.0 (6.0–21.0)
|
0–2380
|
15.0 (0.0–21.0)
|
0–489
|
0.60
|
|
Biochemical measurements
| | | | | | |
|
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)
|
6.15 ± 1.47
|
6.06 ± 1.34
|
1.40–20.8
|
6.29 ± 1.66
|
4.21–20.0
|
< 0.0001
|
|
HOMA-IR
|
1.89 (1.27–2.83)
|
1.97 (1.34–2.91)
|
0.13–224
|
1.74 (1.13–2.61)
|
0.19–226
|
< 0.0001
|
|
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)
|
5.95 ± 0.96
|
6.54 ± 0.96
|
2.44–19.3
|
4.95 ± 0.89
|
2.68–8.42
|
0.26
|
|
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)
|
3.67 ± 4.13
|
3.83 ± 5.16
|
1.51–10.9
|
3.39 ± 0.71
|
1.14–6.07
|
< 0.0001
|
|
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)
|
1.34 ± 0.29
|
1.39 ± 0.30
|
0.60–3.28
|
1.25 ± 0.29
|
0.68–3.08
|
< 0.0001
|
|
Triglycerides (mmol/L)
|
1.51 (1.09–2.14)
|
1.55 (1.12–2.19)
|
0.45–46.2
|
1.43 (1.03–2.04)
|
0.38–15.96
|
< 0.0001
|
|
Anthropometric measurements
| | | | | | |
|
Body mass index (kg/m2)
|
25.0 ± 5.2
|
25.0 ± 5.9
|
15.0–35.1
|
25.1 ± 3.5
|
17.6–37.2
|
0.41
|
|
Waist circumference (cm)
|
83.6 ± 9.9
|
81.8 ± 10.0
|
30.0–163.0
|
86.7 ± 9.8
|
35.0–164.0
|
< 0.0001
|
|
Neck circumference (cm)
|
34.4 ± 3.2
|
33.0 ± 3.2
|
18.4–79.0
|
36.9 ± 3.3
|
25.2–70.0
|
< 0.0001
|
|
Hip circumference (cm)
|
93.9 ± 7.7
|
93.2 ± 8.0
|
25.0–201.0
|
95.0 ± 7.1
|
29.3–166.2
|
< 0.0001
|
|
Thigh circumference (cm)
|
49.2 ± 5.4
|
48.9 ± 5.4
|
16.0–105.0
|
49.8 ± 5.3
|
24.6–99.2
|
< 0.0001
|
|
Waist-to-hip ratio
|
0.89 ± 0.11
|
0.88 ± 0.12
|
0.31–3.00
|
0.91 ± 0.09
|
0.39–2.39
|
< 0.0001
|
|
Neck-to-hip ratio
|
0.37 ± 0.05
|
0.36 ± 0.05
|
0.17–1.30
|
0.39 ± 0.04
|
0.24–1.24
|
< 0.0001
|
|
Waist-to-thigh ratio
|
1.71 ± 0.22
|
1.69 ± 0.23
|
0.58–4.91
|
1.75 ± 0.21
|
0.69–3.77
|
< 0.0001
|
|
Neck-to-thigh ratio
|
0.71 ± 0.09
|
0.68 ± 0.09
|
0.32–2.67
|
0.75 ± 0.09
|
0.40–2.14
|
< 0.0001
|
|
Waist-to-neck ratio
|
2.43 ± 0.24
|
2.48 ± 0.25
|
0.40–4.97
|
2.35 ± 0.23
|
1.00–4.08
|
< 0.0001
|
|
Hip-to-thigh ratio
|
1.92 ± 0.21
|
1.92 ± 0.22
|
0.54–6.03
|
1.92 ± 0.20
|
0.51–4.16
|
0.82
|
|
Cardiometabolic disorders
| | | | | | |
|
Insulin resistance, n (%)
|
1814 (29.1)
|
1246 (31.5)
|
/
|
568 (24.9)
|
/
|
< 0.0001
|
|
Metabolic syndrome, n (%)
|
2199 (35.2)
|
1614 (40.8)
|
/
|
585 (26.7)
|
/
|
< 0.0001
|
|
Elevated fasting blood glucose, including diabetes, n (%)
|
2423 (38.8)
|
1467 (37.0)
|
/
|
956 (42.0)
|
/
|
0.0001
|
|
High blood pressure, n (%)
|
4424 (70.9)
|
2795 (70.6)
|
/
|
1629 (71.5)
|
/
|
0.44
|
|
High triglyceride, n (%)
|
2580 (41.4)
|
1723 (43.5)
|
/
|
857 (37.6)
|
/
|
< 0.0001
|
|
Low HDL cholesterol, n (%)
|
2102 (33.7)
|
1595 (40.3)
|
/
|
507 (22.3)
|
/
|
< 0.0001
|
