Table 1 Characteristics of study participants in sex-specific samples

n (%)

6240

3961 (63.4)

/

2279 (36.3)

/

/

Age (years)

62.2 ± 8.74

61.9 ± 8.56

44.3–91.2

62.9 ± 9.03

40.1–94.9

 < 0.0001

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

134.8 ± 17.3

135.1 ± 17.7

66.3–224.7

134.2 ± 16.5

89.0–213.3

0.03

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

76.3 ± 9.5

75.4 ± 9.5

42.0–127.3

77.8 ± 9.7

42.3–124.7

 < 0.0001

Current smoking, n (%)

1224 (19.2)

20 (0.5)

/

1204 (51.5)

/

 < 0.0001

Current drinking, n (%)

900 (14.1)

45 (1.11)

/

855 (36.5)

/

 < 0.0001

Physical activity (MET-h/wk)

18 (4.5–21.0)

21.0 (6.0–21.0)

0–2380

15.0 (0.0–21.0)

0–489

0.60

Biochemical measurements

Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)

6.15 ± 1.47

6.06 ± 1.34

1.40–20.8

6.29 ± 1.66

4.21–20.0

 < 0.0001

HOMA-IR

1.89 (1.27–2.83)

1.97 (1.34–2.91)

0.13–224

1.74 (1.13–2.61)

0.19–226

 < 0.0001

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

5.95 ± 0.96

6.54 ± 0.96

2.44–19.3

4.95 ± 0.89

2.68–8.42

0.26

LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

3.67 ± 4.13

3.83 ± 5.16

1.51–10.9

3.39 ± 0.71

1.14–6.07

 < 0.0001

HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

1.34 ± 0.29

1.39 ± 0.30

0.60–3.28

1.25 ± 0.29

0.68–3.08

 < 0.0001

Triglycerides (mmol/L)

1.51 (1.09–2.14)

1.55 (1.12–2.19)

0.45–46.2

1.43 (1.03–2.04)

0.38–15.96

 < 0.0001

Anthropometric measurements

Body mass index (kg/m²)

25.0 ± 5.2

25.0 ± 5.9

15.0–35.1

25.1 ± 3.5

17.6–37.2

0.41

Waist circumference (cm)

83.6 ± 9.9

81.8 ± 10.0

30.0–163.0

86.7 ± 9.8

35.0–164.0

 < 0.0001

Neck circumference (cm)

34.4 ± 3.2

33.0 ± 3.2

18.4–79.0

36.9 ± 3.3

25.2–70.0

 < 0.0001

Hip circumference (cm)

93.9 ± 7.7

93.2 ± 8.0

25.0–201.0

95.0 ± 7.1

29.3–166.2

 < 0.0001

Thigh circumference (cm)

49.2 ± 5.4

48.9 ± 5.4

16.0–105.0

49.8 ± 5.3

24.6–99.2

 < 0.0001

Waist-to-hip ratio

0.89 ± 0.11

0.88 ± 0.12

0.31–3.00

0.91 ± 0.09

0.39–2.39

 < 0.0001

Neck-to-hip ratio

0.37 ± 0.05

0.36 ± 0.05

0.17–1.30

0.39 ± 0.04

0.24–1.24

 < 0.0001

Waist-to-thigh ratio

1.71 ± 0.22

1.69 ± 0.23

0.58–4.91

1.75 ± 0.21

0.69–3.77

 < 0.0001

Neck-to-thigh ratio

0.71 ± 0.09

0.68 ± 0.09

0.32–2.67

0.75 ± 0.09

0.40–2.14

 < 0.0001

Waist-to-neck ratio

2.43 ± 0.24

2.48 ± 0.25

0.40–4.97

2.35 ± 0.23

1.00–4.08

 < 0.0001

Hip-to-thigh ratio

1.92 ± 0.21

1.92 ± 0.22

0.54–6.03

1.92 ± 0.20

0.51–4.16

0.82

Cardiometabolic disorders

Insulin resistance, n (%)

1814 (29.1)

1246 (31.5)

/

568 (24.9)

/

 < 0.0001

Metabolic syndrome, n (%)

2199 (35.2)

1614 (40.8)

/

585 (26.7)

/

 < 0.0001

Elevated fasting blood glucose, including diabetes, n (%)

2423 (38.8)

1467 (37.0)

/

956 (42.0)

/

0.0001

High blood pressure, n (%)

4424 (70.9)

2795 (70.6)

/

1629 (71.5)

/

0.44

High triglyceride, n (%)

2580 (41.4)

1723 (43.5)

/

857 (37.6)

/

 < 0.0001

Low HDL cholesterol, n (%)

2102 (33.7)

1595 (40.3)

/

507 (22.3)

/

 < 0.0001