Fig. 3

Untargeted serum metabolomics analysis of rats fed a high-fat diet. A and B PLS-DA (partial least squares discrimination analysis) score plot under negative and positive ion modes for serum metabolites obtained by UPLC-QTOF-MS^E. C Partial differential metabolites in the serum. NC: normal chow diet control group (n = 7); HF: a high-fat diet group (n = 7); HF + LQ: low-dose quinoa diet group (n = 7); HF + HQ: a high-dose quinoa diet group (n = 7). The rats in the NC group were fed a standard diet, and those in the other three groups were fed a HF diet. Simultaneously, low-dose quinoa feed (HF + LQ) was added to 9% quinoa (equivalent to 100 g of daily human intake), and high-dose quinoa feed (HF + HQ) was added to 27% quinoa (equivalent to 300 g of daily human intake). *p < 0.05 vs. the NC group, **p < 0.01 vs. the NC group; ^Δp < 0.05 vs. the HF group, ^ΔΔp < 0.01 vs. the HF group; ^#p < 0.05 vs. the HF + LQ group; ^##p < 0.01 vs. the HF + LQ group. The bars show the mean values with standard deviations