Table 2 Subgroup analysis

Healthy people

SMD = 0.33, 95% CI = (− 0.23, 0.88), P = 0.25

SMD = 0.00, 95% CI = (− 0.37, 0.38), P = 0.99

SMD = − 0.06, 95% CI = (− 0.43, 0.32), P = 0.76

SMD = 0.12, 95% CI = (− 0.24, 0.48), P = 0.51

SMD = 0.33, 95% CI = (0.16, 0.50), P = 0.0001

CKD

SMD = − 0.05, 95% CI = (− 0.30, 0.19), P = 0.66

SMD = − 0.08, 95% CI = (− 0.33, 0.18), P = 0.56

SMD = − 0.16, 95% CI = (− 0.30,− 0.02), P = 0.02

SMD = 0.60, 95% CI = (0.31, 0.89), P < 0.0001

-

Dyslipidemia

SMD = − 0.47, 95% CI = (− 0.63,− 0.31), P < 0.00001

SMD = − 0.68, 95% CI = (− 1.07 ,− 0.29), P = 0.0006

SMD = − 0.80, 95% CI = (− 1.18, − 0.41), P < 0.0001

SMD = 0.79, 95% CI = (0.63, 0.96), P < 0.00001

SMD = 0.27, 95% CI = (− 0.08, 0.61), P = 0.13

Pathoglycemia

SMD = − 1.83, 95% CI = (− 4.52, 0.86), P = 0.18

SMD = − 1.56, 95% CI = (− 3.61,− 0.49), P = 0.14

SMD = − 0.45, 95% CI = (− 1.26, 0.36), P = 0.27

SMD = 2.32, 95% CI = (0.44, 4.20), P = 0.02

SMD = 0.31, 95% CI = (− 0.01, 0.63), P = 0.06

Cardiovascular disease

SMD = − 0.52, 95% CI = (− 0.60,− 0.45), P < 0.00001

SMD = − 0.69, 95% CI = (− 1.51, 0.13), P = 0.10

SMD = − 0.48, 95% CI = (− 0.88,− 0.08), P = 0.02

SMD = 0.73, 95% CI = (0.66, 0.80), P =  < 0.00001

SMD = 0.28, 95% CI = (0.03, 0.54), P = 0.03

Other

SMD = − 0.92, 95% CI = (− 1.68,− 0.16), P = 0.02

SMD = 0.14, 95% CI = (− 0.20, 0.49), P = 0.42

SMD = − 0.18, 95% CI = (− 0.43, 0.07), P = 0.15

SMD = 0.84, 95% CI = (0.59, 1.09), P =  < 0.00001

SMD = 0.15, 95% CI = (− 0.74, 1.04), P = 0.74