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Table 3 Birth outcomes associated with quartiles of dietary protein intake (% of energy) during pregnancy

From: Dietary protein intake during pregnancy and birth weight among Chinese pregnant women with low intake of protein

 

Mean intake (% of energy)

Low birth weight

Small for gestational age

Intrauterine growth retardation

Model 1

Model 2

Model 1

Model 2

Model 1

Model 2

Total protein intake

 Q1

8.3

1

1

1

1

1

1

 Q2

10.7

0.85 (0.59, 1.23)

0.86 (0.59, 1.24)

0.98 (0.81, 1.18)

0.99 (0.84, 1.17)

0.93 (0.84, 1.03)

0.95 (0.86, 1.05)

 Q3

12.0

0.70 (0.47, 1.05)

0.72 (0.48, 1.08)

0.96 (0.79, 1.17)

0.96 (0.80, 1.15)

0.90 (0.80, 1.01)

0.90 (0.80, 1.01)

 Q4

14.5

0.56 (0.35, 0.89)

0.58 (0.36, 0.92)

0.86 (0.75, 0.98)

0.86 (0.74, 0.99)

0.69 (0.51, 0.93)

0.71 (0.54, 0.93)

 Per 3% of energy

 

0.77 (0.64, 0.93)

0.78 (0.64, 0.94)

0.87 (0.78, 0.97)

0.88 (0.79, 0.98)

0.84 (0.71, 0.98)

0.84 (0.72, 0.98)

 Ptrenda

 

0.009

0.011

0.039

0.046

0.03

0.04

Animal protein intake

 Q1

0.8

1

1

1

1

1

1

 Q2

2.0

0.58 (0.38, 0.89)

0.62 (0.41, 0.96)

0.79 (0.63, 0.98)

0.81 (0.66, 0.99)

0.79 (0.65, 0.96)

0.79 (0.65, 0.96)

 Q3

3.2

0.56 (0.39, 0.82)

0.59 (0.41, 0.87)

0.76 (0.62, 0.93)

0.79 (0.63, 0.98)

0.75 (0.61, 0.92)

0.76 (0.62, 0.93)

 Q4

6.0

0.48 (0.33, 0.71)

0.48 (0.33, 0.72)

0.74 (0.58, 0.94)

0.76 (0.61, 0.95)

0.70 (0.55, 0.89)

0.71 (0.57, 0.88)

 Per 3% of energy

 

0.78 (0.65, 0.94)

0.79 (0.65, 0.96)

0.86 (0.77, 0.96)

0.87 (0.78, 0.97)

0.85 (0.74, 0.97)

0.86 (0.75, 0.98)

 Ptrenda

 

0.017

0.024

0.024

0.029

0.041

0.043

Plant protein intake

 Q1

5.9

1

1

1

1

1

1

 Q2

8.0

1.03 (0.70, 1.53)

1.01 (0.68, 1.51)

1.06 (0.84, 1.34)

1.06 (0.84, 1.34)

1.02 (0.73, 1.42)

1.04 (0.74, 1.45)

 Q3

9.1

0.93 (0.63, 1.36)

0.94 (0.64, 1.39)

1.01 (0.81, 1.27)

1.01 (0.81, 1.27)

1.01 (0.72, 1.43)

1.00 (0.71, 1.42)

 Q4

10.7

0.76 (0.49, 1.18)

0.75 (0.48, 1.17)

1.00 (0.78, 1.27)

1.00 (0.79, 1.28)

0.87 (0.60, 1.26)

0.86 (0.60, 1.25)

 Per 3% of energy

 

0.87 (0.69, 1.10)

0.88 (0.69, 1.11)

0.95 (0.83, 1.08)

0.94 (0.82, 1.08)

0.91 (0.75, 1.11)

0.89 (0.73, 1.08)

 Ptrenda

 

0.295

0.324

0.950

0.941

0.444

0.397

  1. Multilevel logistic regression models were used to estimate ORs and 95% CIs. Model 1 was adjusted for total energy intake and socio-demographic characteristics (including geographic area, residence, childbearing age, education, occupation, household wealth index, and parity). Model 2 was adjusted for all variables in Model 1 plus health-related characteristics (including passive smoking, alcohol drinking, antenatal check visit frequency, folate/iron supplements use, anemia, and medication use) and principal component score based on the nutrient intakes. Models were mutually adjusted for animal protein and plant protein. Models for low birth weight were additionally adjusted for offspring sex and gestational age
  2. aP for trend was calculated using the median intake of each quartile as a continuous variable
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Nutrition & Metabolism

ISSN: 1743-7075

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