Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the study participants

N

1242

469

773

–

Age, y

44.8 ± 11.6

46.1 ± 12.6

43.9 ± 10.8

0.002

Smoking, n (%)

310 (25.0)

298 (63.5)

12 (1.6)

 < 0.001

BMI, kg/m²

24.8 ± 3.6

25.1 ± 3.6

24.6 ± 3.5

0.029

WC, cm

81.7 ± 9.8

85.7 ± 9.9

79.3 ± 9.0

 < 0.001

HC, cm

96.6 ± 6.6

97.3 ± 6.6

96.3 ± 6.5

0.009

SBP, mmHg

123.2 ± 17.0

127.2 ± 15.2

120.8 ± 17.5

 < 0.001

DBP, mmHg

75.4 ± 10.6

77.9 ± 10.6

73.8 ± 10.4

 < 0.001

FPG, mmol/L

5.3 ± 0.4

5.4 ± 0.3

5.2 ± 0.4

 < 0.001

HOMA-IR, median (25th, 75th)

1.68 (1.15, 2.33)

1.69 (1.15, 2.39)

1.68 (1.16, 2.30)

0.481

2 h-PPG, mmol/L

6.0 ± 1.0

5.8 ± 1.1

6.1 ± 1.0

 < 0.001

HbA1c, %

5.3 ± 0.2

5.4 ± 0.2

5.3 ± 0.2

0.334

TC, mmol/L

4.66 ± 0.85

4.64 ± 0.83

4.68 ± 0.86

0.375

TG, mmol/L

1.20 ± 0.96

1.46 ± 1.11

1.04 ± 0.82

 < 0.001

TG, median (25th, 75th), mmol/L

0.96 (0.62, 1.44)

1.15 (0.78, 1.75)

0.85 (0.56, 1.28)

 < 0.001

HDL-C, mmol/L

1.19 ± 0.30

1.08 ± 0.27

1.26 ± 0.30

 < 0.001

LDL-C, mmol/L

2.74 ± 0.74

2.77 ± 0.74

2.72 ± 0.73

0.272

ALT, U/L

20 ± 10

24 ± 12

18 ± 8

 < 0.001

AST, U/L

21 ± 6

22 ± 6

20 ± 6

 < 0.001

Serum Cr, μmol/L

58 ± 13

69 ± 11

51 ± 8

 < 0.001

UA, μmol/L

266 ± 75

319 ± 74

233 ± 54

 < 0.001

MetS, n (%)

269 (21.7)

169 (36.0)

100 (12.9)

 < 0.001

Leptin, ng/ml

15.46 ± 12.85

6.45 ± 5.53

20.92 ± 12.96

 < 0.001

Leptin, median (25th, 75th), ng/ml

12.49 (5.96, 21.40)

5.20 (2.62, 8.65)

17.90 (11.87, 26.88)

 < 0.001