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Fig. 2 | Nutrition & Metabolism

Fig. 2

From: Browning of the white adipose tissue regulation: new insights into nutritional and metabolic relevance in health and diseases

Fig. 2

The impact of circadian rhythm and different diets on the WAT browning modulation. The secretion of melatonin, a circadian rhythm regulating neurohormone, is mediated by the release of Norepinephrine (NE), which binds to β-adrenergic receptors. Adrenergic activation is one of the main mechanisms of WAT browning induction and BAT activation. Intermittent fasting (IF) associates with weight reduction, improved metabolic status due to increased glycemic tolerance, decreased white adipocyte hypertrophy and AT inflammation, and augmented expression of thermogenic genes (such as UCP1) and recruitment of beige adipocytes. IF is also modulates the intestinal microbiome composition and diversity, a shift closely related to the induction of browning in the WAT. Caloric restriction (CR) is also associated with weight loss, promotes greater recruitment of beige adipocytes through the participation of M2 macrophage and eosinophil infiltration and in WAT. Finally, obesity-inducing diets correlate with increased lipid accumulation, WAT unhealthy expansion and dysregulation. Abnormal expansion of WAT promotes ER stress, greater induction of adipose cell apoptosis and inflammation through NF-κB transcription factor activation and increased pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion

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