Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the participants (n = 4770)
Variables | Meal duration | P* | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
 < 10 min (n = 1569) | 10–19 min (n = 2328) |  ≥ 20 min (n = 873) | ||
Study cohort (urban), n (%) | 946 (60.29)§ | 1574 (67.61) | 575 (65.86)†|  < 0.0001 |
Age, y | 53.42 ± 11.79 | 52.89 ± 12.92 | 53.54 ± 13.42 | 0.2885 |
Men, n (%) | 644 (41.05)§ | 830 (35.65) | 346 (39.63) | 0.0019 |
Married, n (%) | 1447 (92.22) | 2103 (90.34) | 792 (90.72) | 0.1213 |
Education level, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.0005 |
 Illiteracy or primary school | 678 (43.21) | 894 (38.40) | 315 (36.08) |  |
 Middle school | 753 (47.99) | 1158 (49.74) | 463 (53.04) |  |
 College school or above | 138 (8.80) | 276 (11.86) | 95 (10.88) |  |
Smoker, n (%) | 304 (19.38)§ | 315 (13.53)# | 150 (17.18) |  < 0.0001 |
Drinker, n (%) | 688 (43.85) | 956 (41.07) # | 487 (55.78) †|  < 0.0001 |
Type of meal, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.0005 |
 Meat-based | 119 (7.58) | 161 (6.92) | 92 (10.54) |  |
 Balanced | 990 (63.10) | 1570 (67.44) | 566 (64.83) |  |
 Vegetable-based | 460 (29.32) | 597 (25.64) | 215 (24.63) |  |
Physical activity, n (%) |  |  |  |  < 0.0001 |
 Low | 532 (33.91) | 679 (29.17) | 259 (29.67) |  |
 Middle | 598 (38.11) | 1051 (45.15) | 352 (40.32) |  |
 High | 439 (27.98) | 598 (25.69) | 262 (30.01) |  |
Sleep quality | 5.48 ± 2.55§ | 5.25 ± 2.59 | 5.43 ± 2.57 | 0.018 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 23.70 ± 3.13§ | 23.36 ± 3.20 | 23.07 ± 3.28†|  < 0.0001 |
WC, cm | 83.79 ± 9.36§ | 82.31 ± 9.64 | 81.78 ± 9.91†|  < 0.0001 |
Fat mass, % | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Total | 29.06 ± 7.87 | 29.07 ± 7.56# | 28.05 ± 7.99†| 0.0021 |
 Arms | 9.94 ± 1.71 | 10.02 ± 1.67# | 9.81 ± 1.72 | 0.0102 |
 Trunk | 59.13 ± 5.53§ | 58.25 ± 5.56 | 58.07 ± 6.10†|  < 0.0001 |
 Android | 10.94 ± 1.51§ | 10.71 ± 1.58 | 10.71 ± 1.71†|  < 0.0001 |
 Gynoid | 16.48 ± 2.94§ | 16.92 ± 2.97 | 17.15 ± 3.33†|  < 0.0001 |
 Legs | 26.77 ± 5.06§ | 27.52 ± 5.18 | 27.84 ± 5.73†|  < 0.0001 |
AOI | 0.70 ± 0.19§ | 0.66 ± 0.19 | 0.66 ± 0.21†|  < 0.0001 |