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Table 1 Baseline clinical, metabolic and lifestyle characteristics of the enrolled population

From: Dietary protein and the glycemic index handle insulin resistance within a nutritional program for avoiding weight regain after energy-restricted induced weight loss

N = 744

N

Control N = 151

LP/LGI N = 143

LP/HGI N = 149

HP/LGI N = 153

HP/HGI N = 146

p

Baseline variables

Mean ± SD

Mean ± SD

Mean ± SD

Mean ± SD

Mean ± SD

Age (years)

742

42 ± 7

41 ± 6

41 ± 6

42 ± 7

42 ± 6

0.281

Sex

742

151

143

149

153

146

0.884

Male

258

52 (34.4%)

48 (33.6%)

49 (32.9%)

53 (34.6%)

52 (35.6%)

 

Female

484

99 (65.6%)

95 (66.4%)

100 (67.1%)

100 (65.4%)

99 (67.8%)

 

Weight (kg)

742

99.76 ± 17.49

100.41 ± 17.28

99.38 ± 16.88

99.51 ± 17.67

100.16 ± 18.47

0.986

*BMI (kg/m2)

742

34.43 ± 4.77

34.56 ± 5.52

34.48 ± 4.95

34.33 ± 4.74

34.10 ± 4.72

0.946

Waist (cm)

732

107.75 ± 12.75

107.79 ± 13.15

107.52 ± 13.03

106.87 ± 12.43

107.80 ± 13.54

0.963

Body fat (%)

651

40.60 ± 8.73

40.05 ± 9.65

40.21 ± 8.38

39.95 ± 9.87

39.56 ± 8.77

0.922

*FFM index

653

20.29 ± 2.30

20.44 ± 3.58

20.49 ± 2.62

20.39 ± 2.95

20.43 ± 2.26

0.984

Cholesterol (mg/dL)

742

190.45 ± 39.40

188.25 ± 43.60

189.45 ± 37.00

191.06 ± 37.80

190.24 ± 40.90

0.979

*LDL-c (mg/dL)

742

118.35 ± 35.10

118.43 ± 37.00

117.99 ± 31.30

118.40 ± 32.60

120.53 ± 35.30

0.972

*HDL-c (mg/dL)

742

47.59 ± 12.90

47.22 ± 12.50

46.88 ± 12.40

48.25 ± 14.00

45.74 ± 11.10

0.518

Triglycerides (mg/dL)

744

124.73 ± 62.90

115.04 ± 55.80

125.12 ± 62.60

124.21 ± 68.00

121.91 ± 52.30

0.597

Glucose (mg/dL)

736

90.66 ± 10.30

89.29 ± 11.80

88.37 ± 12.30

88.49 ± 12.60

89.05 ± 12.20

0.464

Insulin µIU/mL

712

11.93 ± 12.08

13.27 ± 15.13

10.63 ± 6.00

10.27 ± 5.97

12.09 ± 11.64

0.127

TyG index

736

8.51 ± 0.53

8.43 ± 0.49

8.50 ± 0.47

8.47 ± 0.57

8.50 ± 0.46

0.641

HOMA-IR

697

2.79 ± 2.91

3.20 ± 3.79

2.39 ± 1.43

2.41 ± 1.58

2.81 ± 2.55

0.055

HOMA-β (%)

697

144 ± 280.2

153.1 ± 188.8

151.7 ± 140.5

132.4 ± 90.8

179,.0 ± 243.7

0.399

QUICKI index

692

0.43 ± 0.23

0.4 ± 0.19

0.41 ± 0.12

0.43 ± 0.19

0.45 ± 0.43

0.573

U-C-peptide (nmol/24 h)

532

34.09 ± 40.53

34.97 ± 45.35

28.55 ± 27.48

28.96 ± 21.46

27.03 ± 21.77

0.260

*CRP (mg/L)

741

4.31 ± 4.73

5.22 ± 5.90

4.64 ± 5.08

4.80 ± 5.06

4.40 ± 5.24

0.593

Creatinine (mol)

710

8.86 ± 4.01

8.38 ± 4.36

8.20 ± 4.17

7.74 ± 3.76

8.33 ± 4.29

0.380

Fibrinogen (µmol/L)

735

9.37 ± 2.05

9.34 ± 1.94

9.43 ± 2.11

9.62 ± 2.54

9.12 ± 2.15

0.537

*SBP (mmHg)

641

127.89 ± 14.60

128.27 ± 15.40

126.48 ± 13.40

127.44 ± 13.90

129.81 ± 15.20

0.454

*DBP (mmHg)

641

81.06 ± 11.70

80.7 ± 11.70

80.74 ± 10.70

79.51 ± 11.40

81.67 ± 11.20

0.638

*MAP (mmHg)

641

96.67 ± 11.70

96.56 ± 11.60

95.99 ± 10.50

95.49 ± 11.10

97.72 ± 11.30

0.575

*PAP (mmHg)

641

46.84 ± 10.90

47.57 ± 12.60

45.74 ± 10.60

47.92 ± 11.20

48.13 ± 12.40

0.455

Smoking status

705

146 (100.0%)

134 (100.0%)

140 (100.0%)

145 (100.0%)

140 (100.0%)

0.129

Non-smoker

 

63 (43.2%)

56 (41.8%)

53 (37.9%)

67 (46.2%)

56 (40.0%)

 

Former smoker

 

42 (28.8%)

52 (38.8%)

39 (27.9%)

45 (31.0%)

40 (28.6%)

 

Smoker

 

41 (28.1%)

26 (19.4%)

48 (34.3%)

33 (22.8%)

44 (31.4%)

 

Waking daily

689

137 (100.0%)

134 (100.0%)

134 (100.0%)

144 (100.0%)

140 (100.0%)

0.451

 < 15 min

 

63 (46.0%)

52 (38.8%)

61 (45.5%)

65 (45.1%)

53 (37.9%)

 

15–30 min

 

27 (19.7%)

41 (30.6%)

37 (27.6%)

39 (26.9%)

38 (27.1%)

 

 > 30 min

 

47 (34.3%)

41 (30.6%)

36 (26.9%)

40 (27.6%)

49 (35.0%)

 

Alcohol weekly

737

148 (100.0%)

143 (100.0%)

149 (100.0%)

152 (100.0%)

145 (100.0%)

0.637

Abstemious

 

41 (27.2%)

60 (42.0%)

53 (35.6%)

39 (25.5%)

41 (28.1%)

 

Throughout the week

 

40 (26.5%)

34 (23.8%)

35 (23.5%)

38 (24.8%)

37 (25.3%)

 

At the weekend

 

67 (45.3%)

49 (34.3%)

61 (40.9%)

76 (50.0%)

67 (46.2%)

 
  1. Bold values indicate a p value < 0.05
  2. Shown results are based on intention-to-treat analyses, and classified according of the type diet to which they were randomized post-LCD intervention
  3. *Body mass index (BMI); fat free mass index (FFM I); low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c); high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c); C-reactive protein (CRP); systolic blood pressure (SBP); diastolic blood pressure (DBP); mean arterial pressure (MAP); pulse arterial pressure (PAP)
  4. Diet types: Control (healthy diet), LP/LGI (low protein, low glycemic index diet), LP/HGI (low protein, high glycemic index diet), HP/LGI (high protein, low glycemic index diet), HP/HGI (high protein, high glycemic index diet)