N = 744 | N | Control N = 151 | LP/LGI N = 143 | LP/HGI N = 149 | HP/LGI N = 153 | HP/HGI N = 146 | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline variables | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | ||
Age (years) | 742 | 42 ± 7 | 41 ± 6 | 41 ± 6 | 42 ± 7 | 42 ± 6 | 0.281 |
Sex | 742 | 151 | 143 | 149 | 153 | 146 | 0.884 |
Male | 258 | 52 (34.4%) | 48 (33.6%) | 49 (32.9%) | 53 (34.6%) | 52 (35.6%) | Â |
Female | 484 | 99 (65.6%) | 95 (66.4%) | 100 (67.1%) | 100 (65.4%) | 99 (67.8%) | Â |
Weight (kg) | 742 | 99.76 ± 17.49 | 100.41 ± 17.28 | 99.38 ± 16.88 | 99.51 ± 17.67 | 100.16 ± 18.47 | 0.986 |
*BMI (kg/m2) | 742 | 34.43 ± 4.77 | 34.56 ± 5.52 | 34.48 ± 4.95 | 34.33 ± 4.74 | 34.10 ± 4.72 | 0.946 |
Waist (cm) | 732 | 107.75 ± 12.75 | 107.79 ± 13.15 | 107.52 ± 13.03 | 106.87 ± 12.43 | 107.80 ± 13.54 | 0.963 |
Body fat (%) | 651 | 40.60 ± 8.73 | 40.05 ± 9.65 | 40.21 ± 8.38 | 39.95 ± 9.87 | 39.56 ± 8.77 | 0.922 |
*FFM index | 653 | 20.29 ± 2.30 | 20.44 ± 3.58 | 20.49 ± 2.62 | 20.39 ± 2.95 | 20.43 ± 2.26 | 0.984 |
Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 742 | 190.45 ± 39.40 | 188.25 ± 43.60 | 189.45 ± 37.00 | 191.06 ± 37.80 | 190.24 ± 40.90 | 0.979 |
*LDL-c (mg/dL) | 742 | 118.35 ± 35.10 | 118.43 ± 37.00 | 117.99 ± 31.30 | 118.40 ± 32.60 | 120.53 ± 35.30 | 0.972 |
*HDL-c (mg/dL) | 742 | 47.59 ± 12.90 | 47.22 ± 12.50 | 46.88 ± 12.40 | 48.25 ± 14.00 | 45.74 ± 11.10 | 0.518 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 744 | 124.73 ± 62.90 | 115.04 ± 55.80 | 125.12 ± 62.60 | 124.21 ± 68.00 | 121.91 ± 52.30 | 0.597 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 736 | 90.66 ± 10.30 | 89.29 ± 11.80 | 88.37 ± 12.30 | 88.49 ± 12.60 | 89.05 ± 12.20 | 0.464 |
Insulin µIU/mL | 712 | 11.93 ± 12.08 | 13.27 ± 15.13 | 10.63 ± 6.00 | 10.27 ± 5.97 | 12.09 ± 11.64 | 0.127 |
TyG index | 736 | 8.51 ± 0.53 | 8.43 ± 0.49 | 8.50 ± 0.47 | 8.47 ± 0.57 | 8.50 ± 0.46 | 0.641 |
HOMA-IR | 697 | 2.79 ± 2.91 | 3.20 ± 3.79 | 2.39 ± 1.43 | 2.41 ± 1.58 | 2.81 ± 2.55 | 0.055 |
HOMA-β (%) | 697 | 144 ± 280.2 | 153.1 ± 188.8 | 151.7 ± 140.5 | 132.4 ± 90.8 | 179,.0 ± 243.7 | 0.399 |
QUICKI index | 692 | 0.43 ± 0.23 | 0.4 ± 0.19 | 0.41 ± 0.12 | 0.43 ± 0.19 | 0.45 ± 0.43 | 0.573 |
U-C-peptide (nmol/24 h) | 532 | 34.09 ± 40.53 | 34.97 ± 45.35 | 28.55 ± 27.48 | 28.96 ± 21.46 | 27.03 ± 21.77 | 0.260 |
*CRP (mg/L) | 741 | 4.31 ± 4.73 | 5.22 ± 5.90 | 4.64 ± 5.08 | 4.80 ± 5.06 | 4.40 ± 5.24 | 0.593 |
Creatinine (mol) | 710 | 8.86 ± 4.01 | 8.38 ± 4.36 | 8.20 ± 4.17 | 7.74 ± 3.76 | 8.33 ± 4.29 | 0.380 |
Fibrinogen (µmol/L) | 735 | 9.37 ± 2.05 | 9.34 ± 1.94 | 9.43 ± 2.11 | 9.62 ± 2.54 | 9.12 ± 2.15 | 0.537 |
*SBP (mmHg) | 641 | 127.89 ± 14.60 | 128.27 ± 15.40 | 126.48 ± 13.40 | 127.44 ± 13.90 | 129.81 ± 15.20 | 0.454 |
*DBP (mmHg) | 641 | 81.06 ± 11.70 | 80.7 ± 11.70 | 80.74 ± 10.70 | 79.51 ± 11.40 | 81.67 ± 11.20 | 0.638 |
*MAP (mmHg) | 641 | 96.67 ± 11.70 | 96.56 ± 11.60 | 95.99 ± 10.50 | 95.49 ± 11.10 | 97.72 ± 11.30 | 0.575 |
*PAP (mmHg) | 641 | 46.84 ± 10.90 | 47.57 ± 12.60 | 45.74 ± 10.60 | 47.92 ± 11.20 | 48.13 ± 12.40 | 0.455 |
Smoking status | 705 | 146 (100.0%) | 134 (100.0%) | 140 (100.0%) | 145 (100.0%) | 140 (100.0%) | 0.129 |
Non-smoker | Â | 63 (43.2%) | 56 (41.8%) | 53 (37.9%) | 67 (46.2%) | 56 (40.0%) | Â |
Former smoker | Â | 42 (28.8%) | 52 (38.8%) | 39 (27.9%) | 45 (31.0%) | 40 (28.6%) | Â |
Smoker | Â | 41 (28.1%) | 26 (19.4%) | 48 (34.3%) | 33 (22.8%) | 44 (31.4%) | Â |
Waking daily | 689 | 137 (100.0%) | 134 (100.0%) | 134 (100.0%) | 144 (100.0%) | 140 (100.0%) | 0.451 |
 < 15 min |  | 63 (46.0%) | 52 (38.8%) | 61 (45.5%) | 65 (45.1%) | 53 (37.9%) |  |
15–30 min |  | 27 (19.7%) | 41 (30.6%) | 37 (27.6%) | 39 (26.9%) | 38 (27.1%) |  |
 > 30 min |  | 47 (34.3%) | 41 (30.6%) | 36 (26.9%) | 40 (27.6%) | 49 (35.0%) |  |
Alcohol weekly | 737 | 148 (100.0%) | 143 (100.0%) | 149 (100.0%) | 152 (100.0%) | 145 (100.0%) | 0.637 |
Abstemious | Â | 41 (27.2%) | 60 (42.0%) | 53 (35.6%) | 39 (25.5%) | 41 (28.1%) | Â |
Throughout the week | Â | 40 (26.5%) | 34 (23.8%) | 35 (23.5%) | 38 (24.8%) | 37 (25.3%) | Â |
At the weekend | Â | 67 (45.3%) | 49 (34.3%) | 61 (40.9%) | 76 (50.0%) | 67 (46.2%) | Â |