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Table 2 Anthropometric and biochemical changes at the complete nutritional program and the weight maintenance stage

From: Dietary protein and the glycemic index handle insulin resistance within a nutritional program for avoiding weight regain after energy-restricted induced weight loss

†Diet Types

N

‡Period 2 (8–34 weeks)

p

N

‡Period 3 (0–34 weeks)

p

Control

LP/LGI

LP/HGI

HP/LGI

HP/HGI

Control

LP/LGI

LP/HGI

HP/LGI

HP/HGI

Variables

Effect size ± SD

Effect size ± SD

Effect size ± SD

Effect size ± SD

Effect size ± SD

Effect size ± SD

Effect size ± SD

Effect size ± SD

Effect size ± SD

Effect size ± SD

*BMI (kg/m2)

489

0.16 ± 1.60 abcd

−0.001 ± 1.70abcd

0.58 ± 1.56 abc

−0.41 ± 2.21abd

−0.05 ± 1.68abcd

0.004

489

−3.78 ± 2.26 abcd

−3.80 ± 2.35 abcd

−3.22 ± 2.07 abc

−4.27 ± 2.56 abd

−3.97 ± 2.21 abcd

0.037

Waist (cm)

479

0.72 ± 6.55

−0.001 ± 7.05

0.98 ± 7.75

−0.5 ± 7.20

−0.24 ± 6.72

0.546

482

−9.14 ± 7.21

−10.50 ± 7.99

−8.90 ± 8.40

−10.27 ± 7.33

−10.57 ± 7.28

0.402

Body fat (%)

406

−0.84 ± 3.73

−0.95 ± 4.73

−0.23 ± 3.99

−0.83 ± 4.80

−0.54 ± 7.19

0.909

410

−7.07 ± 5.08 abcd

−7.01 ± 5.71 abcd

−5.14 ± 3.74 abc

−7.01 ± 4.88 abcd

−7.69 ± 5.44 abd

0.037

FFM Index

406

0.26 ± 1.06

0.19 ± 0.97

0.38 ± 0.90

−0.04 ± 1.31

0.12 ± 2.14

0.356

410

−0.21 ± 1.32

−0.06 ± 1.28

−0.43 ± 0.78

−0.49 ± 1.66

−0.02 ± 1.50

0.092

Cholesterol (mg/dL)

491

29.38 ± 30.10

27.18 ± 28.60

33.4 ± 35.80

30.16 ± 28.60

25.26 ± 26.60

0.418

491

0.25 ± 30.40

2.70 ± 35.30

2.40 ± 29.70

3.21 ± 32.60

1.43 ± 30.00

0.966

*LDL-c (mg / dL)

489

18.21 ± 25.10

15.13 ± 23.10

22.12 ± 30.00

18.87 ± 24.40

14.64 ± 23.80

0.263

490

−1.29 ± 25.80

−1.55 ± 27.30

−0.87 ± 25.30

0.77 ± 28.20

−2.41 ± 26.20

0.938

*HDL-c (mg / dL)

491

7.79 ± 9.00

9.36 ± 8.20

8.88 ± 10.30

8.24 ± 9.20

7.63 ± 8.20

0.634

491

4.85 ± 9.90

5.01 ± 11.50

5.76 ± 9.90

5.43 ± 7.70

5.94 ± 90.00

0.918

Triglycerides (mg/dL)

491

17.18 ± 42.10

16.43 ± 60.60

13.29 ± 55.00

15.36 ± 51.70

15.30 ± 35.60

0.988

491

−16.92 ± 51.20

−2.35 ± 63.20

−12.76 ± 48.50

−15.31 ± 51.60

−10.53 ± 47.70

0.336

Glucose (mg/dL)

479

1.77 ± 9.20

2.19 ± 10.50

4.15 ± 7.80

0.83 ± 11.00

0.96 ± 12.60

0.211

484

−2.19 ± 11.40

2.36 ± 13.30

0.51 ± 14.50

−0.02 ± 14.90

0.09 ± 12.60

0.214

Insulin (µUI/ML)

406

1.11 ± 3.70

1.12 ± 7.73

3.18 ± 9.30

1.53 ± 3.80

0.99 ± 5.06

0.174

432

−2.94 ± 6.91 abcd

−2.26 ± 9.12 abcd

−0.51 ± 9.44 abc

−2.27 ± 5.32 abcd

−5.12 ± 12.84 abc

0.027

TyG index

478

0.18 ± 0.40

0.17 ± 0.49

0.20 ± 0.42

0.12 ± 0.43

0.12 ± 0.40

0.668

483

−0.14 ± 0.41

0.01 ± 0.48

−0.09 ± 0.42

−0.09 ± 0.49

−0.09 ± 0.43

0.221

HOMA-IR

398

0.29 ± 0.89

0.35 ± 2.43

0.81 ± 1.96

0.36 ± 1.09

0.27 ± 1.46

0.264

420

−0.73 ± 1.69 abcd

−0.62 ± 2.70 abcd

−0.06 ± 2.00 abc

−0.57 ± 1.51 abcd

−1.30 ± 2.78 abd

0.013

C-Peptide (nmol/24 h)

-

−

−

−

−

−

−

297

−13.39 ± 39.9

−14.90 ± 39.22

−4.96 ± 16.64

−10.8 ± 19.52

−6.67 ± 16.80

0.2867

*CRP (mg/L)

488

−0.22 ± 7.68

−1.08 ± 5.66

0.22 ± 2.63

−0.77 ± 2.24

0.38 ± 4.46

0.298

489

−0.86 ± 3.06

−1.88 ± 4.95

−1.06 ± 4.36

−1.93 ± 2.77

−1.02 ± 5.08

0.182

*SBP (mmHg)

476

4.08 ± 12.80

5.07 ± 13.00

5.29 ± 10.90

3.86 ± 14.20

2.65 ± 13.60

0.668

404

−7.28 ± 11.90

−6.41 ± 11.30

−6.41 ± 11.50

−5.85 ± 12.90

−6.74 ± 11.80

0.955

*DBP (mmHg)

476

3.07 ± 8.40

1.36 ± 8.00

3.47 ± 7.50

1.66 ± 7.80

1.23 ± 80.00

0.184

404

−6.75 ± 8.70

−7.59 ± 8.50

−7.71 ± 9.70

−5.76 ± 9.20

−6.99 ± 8.60

0.632

*MAP (mmHg)

476

3.40 ± 8.70

2.59 ± 8.50

4.08 ± 7.70

2.39 ± 8.70

1.70 ± 9.10

0.385

404

−6.98 ± 8.40

−7.20 ± 7.60

−7.27 ± 9.20

−5.79 ± 9.40

−6.91 ± 8.20

0.791

*PAP (mmHg)

476

1.01 ± 10.90

3.71 ± 11.00

1.82 ± 9.10

2.20 ± 12.00

1.42 ± 9.70

0.473

404

−0.45 ± 11.30

−1.18 ± 12.20

−1.3 ± 10.00

−0.10 ± 10.30

−0.25 ± 11.10

0.815

*EEDI (KJ/week)

489

1.09 ± 4.43

0.79 ± 4.05

1.59 ± 3.76

−0.17 ± 5.48

0.5 ± 8.95

0.356

489

−0.88 ± 5.52

−0.25 ± 5.35

−1.8 ± 3.26

−2.05 ± 6.94

−0.08 ± 6.27

0.092

  1. Bold values indicate a p value < 0.05
  2. Shown results are based on per-protocol analyses
  3. †Types of diets: Control (healthy diet), LP/LGI (low protein, low glycemic index diet), LP/HGI (low protein, high glycemic index diet), HP/LGI (high protein, low glycemic index diet), HP/HGI (high protein, high glycemic index diet)
  4. *Body mass index (BMI); fat free mass index (FFM I); low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c); high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c); estimated energy deficit intake (EEDI); C-reactive protein (CRP); systolic blood pressure (SBP); diastolic blood pressure (DBP); mean arterial pressure (MAP); pulse arterial pressure (PAP)
  5. ‡Period 2: Corresponds to the differences between the parameters after the low-calorie diet intervention and after the nutritional treatment focused on weight maintenance for each type of randomized diet (8–34 weeks); Period 3: Corresponds to the differences between baseline and final parameters encompassing the complete nutritional period (during 34 weeks)
  6. Superindex (abcd): Differences with the same letter are not significantly different from each other at the 5% significance level
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Nutrition & Metabolism

ISSN: 1743-7075

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