Dietary oxalate-calcium balance and the incidence of hypertension and chronic kidney disease: a prospective study among an Asian population

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study participants

	Incident-CKD (n = 530)	Non-CKD (n = 2034)	Incident-HTN (n = 591)	Non-HTN (n = 1835)
Age (y)	50.6 ± 11.1	34.5 ± 11.2**	46.4 ± 12.7	34.9 ± 12.0**
Male (%)	47.6	42.8*	48.4	42.2**
Smoking (%)	8.9	10.1	8.3	10.3
BMI (m²/kg)	28.4 ± 4.5	26.5 ± 4.8**	29.0 ± 4.7	25.9 ± 4.6**
SBP (mm Hg)	72.8 ± 8.2	70.7 ± 9.1**	76.7 ± 7.7	69.5 ± 8.6**
DBP (mm Hg)	110 ± 12.6	107 ± 12.0**	117 ± 11.3	105 ± 11.2**
FSG (mm Hg)	98.5 ± 32.5	88.8 ± 17.4**	97.2 ± 30.5	87.3 ± 14.5**
Serum TG (mg/dL)	165 ± 93.8	135 ± 83.1**	167 ± 94.0	127 ± 77.1**
HDL-C (mg/dL)	42.2 ± 10.6	42.6 ± 10.1	41.1 ± 9.5	43.3 ± 10.4**
LDL-C (mg/dL)	123 ± 33.5	111 ± 31.9*	121 ± 36.5	111 ± 31.9*
Serum Cr (mg/dL)	1.06 ± 0.14	1.02 ± 0.14**	1.04 ± 0.14	1.03 ± 0.14
eGFR (mL/min/1.73m²)	69.5 ± 8.1	83.1 ± 11.4**	77.3 ± 10.5	82.2 ± 12.1*
T2DM (%)	14.0	4.2**	11.4	2.7**
Dietary Na–K ratio	1.29 ± 1.05	1.35 ± 1.21	1.31 ± 0.99	1.35 ± 1.21
Dietary Ox (mg/d)^†	187 (144–257)	180 (130–243)	190 (133–257)	177 (130–241)**
Dietary Ca (mg/d)	1212 ± 459	1220 ± 462	1195 ± 457	1213 ± 467
Dietary Ox-to-Ca ratio	0.18 ± 0.08	0.17 ± 0.09**	0.19 ± 0.09	0.17 ± 0.19**

Data are mean ± SD unless stated otherwise (independent t-test and chi-square test were used for continuous and dichotomous variables, respectively
CKD chronic kidney disease; HTN hypertension; BMI body mass index; SBP systolic blood pressure; DBP diastolic blood pressure; FSG fasting serum glucose; TG triglycerides; HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C low density lipoprotein cholesterol; Cr creatinine; eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate; Ox oxalate; Ca calcium; Na sodium; K potassium
^†Median (inter-quartile range, IQR); the Mood’s median test was used to compare the median of Ox intakes between groups
*P < 0.05
**P < 0.01

ISSN: 1743-7075