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Table 1 Subject characteristics, pulmonary function, and body composition

From: Abdominal obesity in COPD is associated with specific metabolic and functional phenotypes

Ā 

Non-AO control

(nā€‰=ā€‰52)

AO-control

(nā€‰=ā€‰116)

Non-AO COPD

(nā€‰=ā€‰65)

AO-COPD

(nā€‰=ā€‰134)

ANCOVA

p-values

Age (years)

67.3a

[67.0, 67.6]

69.1b

[68.7, 69.5]

68.3c

[67.9, 68.7]

68.6c

[68.2, 69.0]

C: 0.9095

AO: 0.0007

Male %

28/54%

46/40%

31/48%

63/47%

Ā 

Pulmonary function and COPD related measures

FEV1 (% of predicted)

103.0a

[100.9, 105.1]

94.0b

[91.7, 96.2]

34.7c

[33.7, 35.6]

42.9d

[42.2, 43.5]

C: 0.0001

AO: 0.1087

C*AO: 0.0015

FVC (% of predicted)

96.2a

[95, 97.3]

86.2b

[85.3, 87]

52.7c

[51.9, 53.5]

57.3d

[56.9, 57.7]

C: 0.0001

AO: 0.1664

C*AO: 0.0002

FEV1/FVC (ratio)

79.7a

[78.9, 80.5]

84.0b

[82.7, 85.3]

50.0c

[49.2, 50.8]

55.9d

[55.3, 56.6]

C:ā€‰<ā€‰0.0001

AO: 0.5189

Oxygen saturation (%)

97.5a

[97.4, 97.7]

97.4b

[97.3, 97.5]

95.4c

[95.3, 95.5]

95.2d

[95.1, 95.3]

C:ā€‰<ā€‰0.0001

AO: 0.4186

mMRC dyspnea scale

N/A

N/A

2.35a

[2.07, 2.64]

2.32a

[2.03, 2.44]

ā€“

Gold stage (%; 1/2/3/4)

N/A

N/A

2/31/35/32

8/29/43/20

ā€“

Oxygen users (% yes)

N/A

N/A

48%a

48%a

ā€“

Smoking status (non-smoker/former smoker/current smoker) (%)

96/0/4%

72/3/25%

8/29/63%

17/15/68%

ā€“

Smoking history (pack years)

6.4a

[4.8, 8.0]

6.6a

[5.6, 7.6]

41.5b

[39.6, 43.4]

44.0c

[43.1, 44.8]

C:ā€‰<ā€‰0.0001

AO: 0.6105

No. of exacerbations in past year

N/A

N/A

0.68a

[0.66, 0.7]

0.66b

[0.65, 0.67]

ā€“

No. of hospitalizations in last year for exacerbation

N/A

N/A

0.25a

[0.23, 0.26]

0.30b

[0.29, 0.31]

ā€“

Short-acting bronchodilator

(% yes)

N/A

N/A

61%a

55%a

ā€“

Long-acting bronchodilator

(% yes)

N/A

N/A

43%a

60%a

ā€“

Inhaled corticosteroids (% yes)

N/A

N/A

59%a

50%a

ā€“

Oral corticosteroids (% yes)

N/A

N/A

14%a

7%a

ā€“

PASE (score)

161.1a

[156.3, 165.8]

169.4b

[164.4, 174.4]

106.7c

[102.7, 110.8]

118.1d

[115.6, 120.7]

C:ā€‰<ā€‰0.0001

AO: 0.8935

Total caloric intake (kcal/day)

1848a

[1776, 1920]

1747b

[1698, 1796]

1859a

[1800, 1917]

1765b

[1738, 1792]

C: 0.9203

AO: 0.8222

Daily carbohydrate intake (g/day)

204.5a

[197.5, 211.5]

184.6b

[179, 190.3]

210.8c

[203.1, 218.6]

173.0d

[170.0, 175.9]

C: 0.6235

AO: 0.8575

Daily fat intake (g/day)

67.6a

[64, 71.2]

64.3a

[61.8, 66.7]

74.6b

[71.3, 77.9]

70.5c

[69, 71.9]

C: 0.3157

AO: 0.9933

Daily protein intake (g/day)

68.2

[64.3, 72]

73.9

[70.7, 77.2]

65.5

[62.7, 68.3]

70.1

[68.3, 71.9]

C: 0.3868

AO: 0.0460

Body composition and metabolic syndrome characteristics

Height (m)

1.68

[1.66, 1.70]

1.66

[1.65, 1.67]

1.67

[1.65, 1.68]

1.66

[1.65, 1.67]

C: 0.2382

AO: 0.3370

Body weight (kg)

71.2a

[68.4, 74.1]

83.3b

[80.6, 86.1]

61.7c

[58.4, 65.0]

88.5d

[85.5, 91.4]

C: 0.0001

AO: 0.0005

C*AO: 0.0078

Body Mass Index (kg/m2)

24.8a

[24.4, 25.2]

29.9b

[29.6, 30.2]

22.0c

[21.5, 22.4]

31.7d

[31.4, 32]

C: 0.0736

AO:ā€‰<ā€‰0.0001

C*AO:ā€‰<ā€‰0.0001

Total lean mass (kg)

47.7a

[45.3, 50.2]

48.7a

[47.1, 50.4]

41.6b

[39.2, 44]

50.8c

[49.1, 52.5]

C:ā€‰<ā€‰0.0001

AO: 0.7139

C*AO: 0.0217

Total fat mass (kg)

18.4a

[17.8, 19.1]

30.5b

[28.8, 32.2]

16.3c

[15.4, 17.2]

33.0d

[31.3, 34.7]

C: 0.7180

AO:ā€‰<ā€‰0.0001

Android fat (%)

27.5a

[26.9, 28]

40.4b

[39.4, 41.4]

22.4c

[21.7, 23.2]

42.6d

[41.4, 43.7]

C: 0.0077

AO:ā€‰<ā€‰0.0001

C*AO: 0.0041

Gynoid fat (%)

29.9a

[28.6, 31.2]

37.4b

[36.2, 38.6]

29.5a

[28.6, 30.4]

39.1c

[37.8, 40.3]

C: 0.1945

AO: 0.0004

Android/Gynoid % fat mass ratio

0.94a

[0.90, 0.97]

1.10b

[1.07, 1.12]

0.77c

[0.74, 0.81]

1.11b

[1.08, 1.14]

C:ā€‰<ā€‰0.0001

AO:ā€‰<ā€‰0.0001

C*AO: 0.0003

Heart rate (BPM)

64.0a

[63.3, 64.7]

67.4b

[66.9, 67.9]

74.0c

[73.4, 74.6]

72.0d

[71.5, 72.5]

C:ā€‰<ā€‰0.0001

AO: 0.6142

C*AO: 0.0420

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

125.4a

[124.4, 126.5]

137.3b

[136.3, 138.2]

131.1c

[129.5, 132.7]

134.2d

[133.4, 134.9]

C: 0.4272

AO: 0.8559

C*AO: 0.0076

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

74.8a

[74.6, 75.0]

79b

[78.6, 79.3]

77.1c

[76.7, 77.4]

76.2d

[75.9, 76.5]

C: 0.9796

AO: 0.5630

C*AO: 0.0060

Charlson comorbidity index (score)

0.28a

[0.22, 0.33]

0.38b

[0.35, 0.42]

1.63c

[1.55, 1.71]

1.88d

[1.84, 1.92]

C:ā€‰<ā€‰0.0001

AO: 0.8473

Hypertension (% yes)

33%a

43%a

35%a

66%b

ā€“

Dyslipidemia (% yes)

36%a

31%a

31%a

58%b

ā€“

Obstructive sleep apnea (% yes)

5%a

29%b

14%a

41%c

ā€“

Diabetes (% yes)

3%a

7%a

8%a

19%b

ā€“

  1. Data are presented as estimated mean [95% CI] unless otherwise stated. Statistics are by Fisherā€™s exact test or ANCOVA with multiple comparisons. ANCOVA was data as the dependent variable with as dummy variables COPD, AO, COPD*AO interaction, and confoundersĀ gender, age, and BMI. ANCOVA p-values are effects of COPD, AO, or COPD*AO from the model. Interaction effects were tested for all variables with only significant effects being included; bold is pā€‰<ā€‰0.05. Multiple comparisons are listed as superscript letters, same letters meaning no difference; qā€‰<ā€‰0.05. Oxygen and medication use and prevalence of comorbidities were tested via Fisherā€™s exact test
  2. FEV1, Forced Expiratory Volume in one second. FVC, Forced Vital Capacity. mMRC, Modified Medical Research Council. PASE, physical activity questionnaire for the elderly