Table 1 Characteristics of the study population
Variable | Overall (n = 5483) | Non-NAFLD (n = 3553) | NAFLD (n = 1930) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 44.425 ± 0.622 | 41.660 ± 0.551 | 50.490 ± 0.723 | < 0.001 |
Sex, % | 0.006 | |||
Male | 2705 (49.3%) | 1851 (52.1%) | 854 (44.2%) | |
Female | 2778 (50.7%) | 1702 (47.9%) | 1076 (55.8%) | |
Race, % | 0.237 | |||
Mexican American | 810 (14.8%) | 497 (14.0%) | 313 (16.2%) | |
Other hispanic | 511 (9.3%) | 329 (9.3%) | 182 (9.4%) | |
Non-hispanic black | 1216 (22.2%) | 801 (22.5%) | 415 (21.5%) | |
Non-hispanic white | 1868 (34.1%) | 1218 (34.3%) | 650 (33.7%) | |
Other race | 1078 (19.7%) | 708 (19.9%) | 370 (19.2%) | |
Family PIR | 2.999 ± 0.062 | 3.032 ± 0.060 | 2.926 ± 0.083 | 0.102 |
Education level, % | 0.691 | |||
Less than high school | 1632 (29.8%) | 1046 (29.4%) | 586 (30.4%) | |
High school | 1212 (22.1%) | 787 (22.2%) | 425 (22.0%) | |
More than high school | 2639 (48.1%) | 1720 (48.4%) | 919 (47.6%) | |
Marital status, % | < 0.001 | |||
Having a partner | 3031 (55.3%) | 1912 (53.8%) | 1119 (58.0%) | |
No partner | 1054 (19.2%) | 614 (17.3%) | 440 (22.8%) | |
Unmarried | 1398 (25.5%) | 1027 (28.9%) | 371 (19.2%) | |
Hypertension, % | < 0.001 | |||
No | 3342 (61.0%) | 2361 (66.5%) | 978 (50.7%) | |
Yes | 2141 (39.0%) | 1189 (33.5%) | 952 (49.3%) | |
DM, % | < 0.001 | |||
No | 4491 (81.9%) | 3097 (87.2%) | 1394 (72.2%) | |
Yes | 992 (12.8%) | 456 (12.8%) | 536 (27.8%) | |
Smoker, % | 0.083 | |||
No | 3328 (60.7%) | 2141 (60.3%) | 1187 (61.5%) | |
Former | 1157 (21.1%) | 697 (19.6%) | 460 (23.8%) | |
Now | 998 (18.2%) | 715 (20.1%) | 283 (14.7%) | |
Alcohol user, % | < 0.001 | |||
No | 873 (15.9%) | 354 (10.0%) | 519 (26.9%) | |
Mild | 2233 (40.7%) | 1509 (42.5%) | 724 (37.5%) | |
Moderate | 1045 (19.1%) | 741 (20.9%) | 304 (15.8%) | |
Heavy | 1332 (24.3%) | 949 (26.7%) | 383 (19.8%) | |
CHD, % | < 0.001 | |||
No | 5291 (96.5%) | 3457 (97.3%) | 1834 (95.0%) | |
Yes | 192 (3.5%) | 96 (2.7%) | 96 (5.0%) | |
CHF, % | 0.007 | |||
No | 5360 (97.8%) | 3493 (98.3%) | 1867 (96.7%) | |
Yes | 123 (2.2%) | 60 (1.7%) | 63 (3.3%) | |
Angina pectoris, % | 0.023 | |||
No | 5356 (97.7%) | 3488 (98.2%) | 1868 (96.8%) | |
Yes | 127 (2.3%) | 65 (1.8%) | 62 (3.2%) | |
Heart attack, % | 0.033 | |||
No | 5278 (96.3%) | 3439 (96.8%) | 1839 (95.3%) | |
Yes | 205 (3.7%) | 114 (3.2%) | 91 (4.7%) | |
Stroke, % | 0.017 | |||
No | 5274 (96.2%) | 3434 (96.7%) | 1840 (95.3%) | |
Yes | 209 (3.8%) | 119 (3.3%) | 90 (4.7%) | |
PA, % | 0.015 | |||
No | 2855 (52.1%) | 1790 (50.4%) | 1065 (55.2%) | |
Moderate | 1211 (22.1%) | 785 (22.1%) | 426 (22.1%) | |
Both | 1164 (21.2%) | 800 (22.5%) | 364 (18.9%) | |
Vigorous | 253 (4.6%) | 178 (5.0%) | 75 (3.9%) | |
Mean energy | 2074.407 ± 21.096 | 2106.648 ± 28.210 | 2003.693 ± 22.084 | 0.011 |
Intake (kcal/day) | ||||
Protein intake, g | 79.987 ± 1.152 | 81.589 ± 1.519 | 76.474 ± 1.306 | 0.020 |
Folic acid intake, mcg | 175.012 ± 3.764 | 180.048 ± 4.461 | 163.965 ± 4.359 | 0.008 |
Vitamin B12 intake, mcg | 4.757 ± 0.084 | 4.880 ± 0.116 | 4.487 ± 0.099 | 0.028 |
Vitamin C intake, mg | 73.632 ± 1.368 | 75.895 ± 1.777 | 68.670 ± 1.151 | 0.002 |
Iron intake, mg | 14.124 ± 0.196 | 14.347 ± 0.260 | 13.635 ± 0.212 | 0.046 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 29.138 ± 0.243 | 27.900 ± 0.246 | 31.854 ± 0.349 | < 0.001 |
Waist circumference, cm | 98.776 ± 0.636 | 95.438 ± 0.681 | 106.097 ± 0.798 | < 0.001 |
Hb, g/dL | 14.207 ± 0.059 | 14.304 ± 0.061 | 13.994 ± 0.073 | < 0.001 |
Hs-CRP, mg/L | 3.588 ± 0.145 | 2.990 ± 0.137 | 4.899 ± 0.332 | < 0.001 |
HbA1c, % | 5.629 ± 0.015 | 5.523 ± 0.017 | 5.861 ± 0.026 | < 0.001 |
ALT, U/L | 22.515 ± 0.378 | 24.199 ± 0.474 | 18.823 ± 0.440 | < 0.001 |
AST, U/L | 22.094 ± 0.264 | 23.372 ± 0.384 | 19.290 ± 0.305 | < 0.001 |
GGT, U/L | 28.258 ± 0.502 | 29.288 ± 0.700 | 25.999 ± 0.797 | 0.013 |
TC, mg/dL | 185.497 ± 1.588 | 184.524 ± 1.722 | 187.630 ± 1.521 | 0.015 |
TG, mg/dL | 136.928 ± 3.177 | 129.096 ± 4.015 | 154.106 ± 2.392 | < 0.001 |
HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.381 ± 0.012 | 1.414 ± 0.014 | 1.309 ± 0.011 | < 0.001 |
BUN, mg/dL | 14.589 ± 0.168 | 14.444 ± 0.175 | 14.909 ± 0.180 | 0.003 |
UA, mg/dL | 5.344 ± 0.035 | 5.284 ± 0.048 | 5.475 ± 0.036 | 0.008 |
Scr, mg/dL | 0.862 ± 0.006 | 0.858 ± 0.007 | 0.871 ± 0.008 | 0.147 |
eGFR, ml/min/1.73m2 | 98.810 ± 0.853 | 101.082 ± 0.806 | 93.826 ± 0.969 | < 0.001 |
uACR | 34.535 ± 3.264 | 31.025 ± 3.231 | 42.232 ± 5.562 | 0.053 |
SI, µg/dL | 89.073 ± 1.107 | 92.688 ± 1.348 | 81.144 ± 1.441 | < 0.001 |
SF, µg/L | 138.120 ± 3.320 | 140.087 ± 4.352 | 133.804 ± 4.726 | 0.342 |
TSAT, % | 27.489 ± 0.291 | 28.671 ± 0.397 | 24.897 ± 0.378 | < 0.001 |
sTfR, mg/L | 3.211 ± 0.047 | 3.114 ± 0.049 | 3.423 ± 0.070 | < 0.001 |