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Fig. 1 | Nutrition & Metabolism

Fig. 1

From: Gut microbiome and stages of diabetes in middle-aged adults: CARDIA microbiome study

Fig. 1

Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) biplots of associations of microbial dissimilarity with insulin resistance (less than or equal to median, above median), diabetes duration (Normal/pre-diabetes, newly diagnosed diabetes [< 5 years, median], and established diabetes [≥ 5 years]), and stages of diabetes. A Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR); B Stages of diabetes (4 stages including normal, pre-diabetes, diabetes without treatment, and diabetes with treatment); C Diabetes duration. PCoA, principal coordinates analysis; MDS, multidimensional scaling. The circles and error bars indicate the centroid and standard errors. The log-transformed genera counts were used for the analyses and visualizations. P-values for the comparison of gut microbiota composition were estimated from permutation multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) with 1000 permutations. All p-value were less than 0.05 for all diabetes-related characteristics in the multivariable-adjusted models. Data source: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA), 1985–2016

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