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Table 1 Descriptive statistics of analytic sample by stages of diabetes—CARDIA cohort: Year 30 Exam

From: Gut microbiome and stages of diabetes in middle-aged adults: CARDIA microbiome study

 

Overall

(n = 605)

n(%)/M(SD)

Stages of diabetes (n = 605)

pg

Normal

Pre-diabetes

Diabetes without treatment

Diabetes with treatment

 

(n = 417, 68.9%)

(n = 101, 16.7%)

(n = 31, 5.1%)

(n = 56, 9.3%)

n (%)/M(SD)

n(%)/M(SD)

n(%)/M(SD)

n(%)/M(SD)

1. Diabetes-related variables

      

Fasting glucose (mg/dL)a

100.2 (24.8)

91.9 (7.7)

107.5 (6.1)

130.5 (47.1)

131.7 (53.5)

< 0.01

HOMA-insulin resistancea,b

2.9 (2.3)

2.2 (1.5)

3.8 (2.4)

5.0 (2.9)

5.4 (3.8)

< 0.01

Diabetes duration, median (IQR)c

5 (5–10)

N/A

N/A

5 (5–10)

10 (5–10)

N/A

Metformin use (%)

43 (7.1)

N/A

N/A

N/A

43 (76.8)

N/A

2. Socio-demographics

      

Agea

55.2 (3.5)

55.1 (3.4)

55.4 (3.5)

54.9 (4.4)

55.8 (3.6)

0.32

Male (%)

272 (45.0)

168 (40.3)

63 (62.4)

18 (58.1)

23 (41.1)

0.30

Black race (%)

275 (45.5)

167 (40.0)

50 (49.5)

16 (51.6)

42 (75.0)

< 0.01

Highest education (%)

     

0.36

High school or less

206 (34.1)

132 (31.7)

39 (38.6)

14 (45.2)

21 (37.5)

 

College

261 (43.1)

181 (43.4)

40 (39.6)

14 (45.2)

26 (46.4)

 

Graduate school

138 (22.8)

104 (24.9)

22 (21.8)

3 (9.6)

9 (16.1)

 

Field center (%)

     

0.72

Birmingham, AL

98 (16.2)

69 (16.5)

17 (16.8)

4 (12.9)

8 (14.3)

 

Chicago, IL

295 (48.8)

194 (46.5)

51 (50.5)

16 (51.6)

34 (60.7)

 

Minneapolis, MN

110 (18.2)

77 (18.5)

18 (17.8)

6 (19.4)

9 (16.1)

 

Oakland, CA

102 (16.8)

77 (18.5)

15 (14.9)

5 (16.1)

5 (8.9)

 

3. Clinical measuresa

      

BMI

29.4 (6.2)

28.1 (5.8)

31.6 (6.0)

31.9 (3.6)

33.4 (7.3)

< 0.01

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

119.3 (16.1)

117.2 (15.7)

124.1 (14.5)

124.8 (16.4)

123.5 (18.5)

< 0.01

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

72.9 (11.0)

71.5 (11.0)

76.8 (9.6)

77.3 (10.9)

74.2 (11.2)

< 0.01

4. Health behavior

      

Current smoker (%)

81 (13.4)

42 (10.1)

18 (17.8)

12 (38.7)

9 (16.1)

< 0.01

Alcohol use (%)

469 (77.5)

318 (76.3)

86 (85.1)

26 (83.9)

39 (69.6)

0.29

Physical activity, median (IQR)d

267 (128–504)

280 (144–536)

276 (116–510)

300 (120–426)

170 (82.5–332.5)

< 0.01

5. Medication use (%)

      

Proton pump inhibitor

47 (7.8)

23 (5.5)

12 (11.9)

4 (12.9)

8 (14.3)

< 0.05

Lipid-lowering

123 (20.3)

67 (16.1)

19 (18.8)

6 (19.4)

31 (55.4)

< 0.01

High blood pressure

180 (29.8)

91 (21.8)

37 (36.6)

15 (48.4)

37 (66.1)

< 0.01

6. Diet quality score (standardized), median (IQR)e

 − 0.07 (− 0.70 to 0.70)

 − 0.06 (− 0.68 to 0.85)

 − 0.37 (− 0.99 to 0.39)

 − 0.62 (− 0.99 to 0.16)

 − 0.37 (− 0.84 to 0.24)

< 0.01

  1. Data source: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA), 1985–2016
  2. All covariates were collected at the Y30 Exam. Missing covariates were updated using Y25 Exam information
  3. N/A, not applicable; HOMA-Insulin resistance, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance; IQR, interquartile range
  4. aData is reported as mean and SD
  5. bValid sample size for insulin resistance was 604
  6. cStatistics were calculated among participants with diabetes
  7. dTotal activity intensity in the past year
  8. eDerived variable from the diet history at the Y20 Exam
  9. fp-value was based on the chi-square test for male, race, education level, field center, smoking, alcohol use, or medication use; analysis of variance was used to estimate p-value for the remaining variables