Fig. 3
From: Weight cycling based on altered immune microenvironment as a result of metaflammation
Characteristics of immune cell infiltration and inflammatory cytokine secretion in adipose tissue during weight gain and cycling are depicted. There is a significant infiltration of immune cells, including B cells, T cells, and M1 macrophages, into adipose tissue with weight gain. This repeated weight loss and weight gain will be characterized by an obesity-associated immune cell phenotype with its distinctive characteristics, including APC toward an activated signature with obesity, marked and depleted CD4 and CD8 cell infiltration, and a gradual transformation over time into a macrophage-dominated M1-like inflammatory polarization with decreased M2 polarization