Table 2 Baseline characteristics of participants based on the snack patterns

Age, year

36.85 ± 12.84

36.78 ± 13.45

37.78 ± 13.18

36.46 ± 13.05

35.37 ± 12.56

38.32 ± 13.33*

37.36 ± 12.85

36.60 ± 13.24

35.66 ± 12.15

36.90 ± 13.54*

Male, %

39.8

42.0

45.5

35.2*

46.2

37.0*

43.8

39.2

40.3

40.8

BMI, kg/m²

25.73 ± 4.61

25.59 ± 4.53

25.48 ± 4.49

26.05 ± 4.60

25.40 ± 4.18

26.14 ± 4.70*

25.77 ± 4.21

25.65 ± 4.55

25.50 ± 4.29

25.71 ± 4.57

WC, cm

85.15 ± 12.40

84.94 ± 12.25

85.85 ± 12.17

85.00 ± 12.29

85.08 ± 12.26

85.74 ± 12.19

85.52 ± 11.91

84.71 ± 12.32

84.59 ± 11.46

85.29 ± 12.74

Current smoker, %

7.6

7.6

11.7

5.4*

8.6

7.1

8.9

6.2

8.0

10.6*

Low physical activity *, %

40.3

39.2

40.0

36.7

42.6

34.8*

41.0

38.6

41.6

40.3*

SBP, mmHg

107.1 ± 13.23

106.8 ± 14.25

108.2 ± 14.05

106.4 ± 12.89

107.2 ± 13.57

107.9 ± 14.18

106.9 ± 14.36

107.1 ± 13.60

105.8 ± 13.23

107.4 ± 13.38*

DBP, mmHg

70.98 ± 9.06

70.43 ± 9.77

71.25 ± 10.35

70.61 ± 9.04

70.80 ± 10.03

71.09 ± 9.33

71.08 ± 9.73

70.40 ± 9.15

69.72 ± 9.72

71.30 ± 9.29*

Serum TG, mg/dL

107.7 ± 49.22

109.0 ± 53.10

111.0 ± 51.27

107.1 ± 50.74

109.9 ± 51.15

110.1 ± 49.51

114.7 ± 53.29

103.2 ± 49.43*

105.6 ± 45.45

110.0 ± 55.82

Serum cholesterol, mg/dL

179.0 ± 36.11

177.9 ± 36.75

179.0 ± 36.74

180.2 ± 36.86

176.2 ± 36.81

181.0 ± 37.19

183.3 ± 37.45

175.7 ± 36.79*

176.5 ± 36.27

180.8 ± 39.06

Serum LDL-c, mg/dL

111.7 ± 31.78

111.1 ± 31.66

112.1 ± 32.39

113.0 ± 31.75

109.9 ± 32.16

113.3 ± 32.02

115.1 ± 31.94

109.7 ± 32.23*

110.6 ± 31.93

113.6 ± 33.42

Serum HDL-c, mg/dL

45.78 ± 10.46

44.87 ± 10.03

44.48 ± 9.76

45.91 ± 10.11*

44.41 ± 10.08

45.70 ± 10.19

45.29 ± 10.76

45.22 ± 9.76

44.89 ± 9.97

45.25 ± 10.17

FSG, mg/dL

85.53 ± 9.18

86.00 ± 11.18

86.43 ± 12.58

85.36 ± 9.96

85.66 ± 9.99

85.89 ± 12.52

85.35 ± 9.90

86.16 ± 13.27

85.87 ± 10.43

85.77 ± 8.78