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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients according to baseline HbA1c levels, and changes in HbA1c levels and cardiovascular risk factors during 6 months (n = 122)

From: Three-graded stratification of carbohydrate restriction by level of baseline hemoglobin A1c for type 2 diabetes patients with a moderate low-carbohydrate diet

 

All patients

 

Baseline hemoglobin A1c (%)*

 
   

Group 1 ≤ 7.4%

Group 2 7.5 - 8.9%

Group 3 ≥ 9.0%

P for trend

Energy-adjusted P for trend

 

n = 122

 

n = 55

n = 41

n = 26

  

Baseline

       

 Male/female (n)

72/50

 

30/25

27/14

15/11

  

 Age (years)

60.4 ± 9.3

 

62.2 ± 7.7

60.2 ± 10.1

56.6 ± 10.1

0.011

0.033

 Duration of diabetes (months)

47 ± 66

 

32.1 ± 57.6

66.9 ± 75.2

47.8 ± 62.1

0.139

0.044

 Hemoglobin A1c (%)

8.1 ± 1.6

 

6.9 ± 0.4

8.1 ± 0.4

10.6 ± 1.4

< 0.001

< 0.001

 Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/l)

8.10 ± 2.39

 

6.66 ± 0.61

8.27 ± 1.66

10.8 ± 3.1

< 0.001

< 0.001

 Fasting serum insulin (pmol/l)

44.3 ± 25.9

 

44.5 ± 26.9

44.6 ± 25.9

43.8 ± 24.4

0.918

0.583

 Body mass index

24.8 ± 3.9

 

23.9 ± 3.8

25.6 ± 4.3

25.3 ± 2.8

0.061

0.205

 Serum triglyceride (mmol/l)

1.50 ± 1.18

 

1.39 ± 1.02

1.72 ± 1.57

1.40 ± 0.62

0.721

0.886

 Serum HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l)

1.45 ± 0.39

 

1.50 ± 0.39

1.37 ± 0.39

1.47 ± 0.31

0.653

0.877

 Serum LDL-cholesterol (mmol/l)

3.39 ± 0.85

 

3.31 ± 0.83

3.36 ± 0.91

3.65 ± 0.80

0.112

0.073

Changes during 6 months

 

P†

     

 Δhemoglobin A1c (%)*

-1.0 ± 1.4

< 0.001

-0.4 ± 0.4

-0.6 ± 0.9

-3.1 ± 1.4

< 0.001

< 0.001

 Δfasting plasma glucose (mmol/l)

-0.83 ± 1.94

< 0.001

-0.33 ± 1.05

-0.33 ± 1.89

-2.89 ± 2.16

< 0.001

< 0.001

 Δserum insulin (pmol/l)

-4.08 ± 19.2

0.010

4.92 ± 21.8

-6.06 ± 15.7

1.14 ± 16.5

0.05

0.220

 Δbody mass index

-0.86 ± 1.20

< 0.001

-0.81 ± 1.14

-0.91 ± 1.26

-0.86 ± 1.29

0.803

0.978

 Δserum triglyceride (mmol/l)

-0.18 ± 0.95

0.020

-0.06 ± 0.77

-0.31 ± 1.28

-0.21 ± 0.67

0.365

0.331

 Δserum HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l)

0.10 ± 0.26

< 0.001

0.05 ± 0.28

0.10 ± 0.23

0.18 ± 0.23

0.022

0.024

 Δserum LDL-cholesterol (mmol/l)

-0.18 ± 0.85

0.004

-0.08 ± 0.80

-0.18 ± 0.83

-0.39 ± 1.01

0.156

0.309

  1. Data are shown as mean ± SD. The participants were divided into three groups according to baseline hemoglobin A1c.
  2. *Hemoglobin A1c (mmol/mol) = 10.93 × National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program (%) - 23.52. P†: Wilcoxon test between baseline and after 6 months in all patients.
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Nutrition & Metabolism

ISSN: 1743-7075

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