From: Chocolate and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review
Author | Year | Study type | N, Population | Follow-up Years | Flavonoid Type | CHD/MI Incidence | CHD/MI Mortality | Stroke Mortality | Comments: |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hertog [125, 142]*, Keli [127] | 1993, 1996 | Prospective | 552 to 806 Men, Dutch | 5, then 10* | Total Flavonoids | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | *Update 1997 analysis finds even stronger CHD association [142] |
Knekt [131] | 1996 | Prospective | 5133 M+W, Finland | 26 | Total Flavonoids |  | ↓ |  |  |
Rimm [123] | 1996 | Prospective | 34789 Men, USA | 6 | Total Flavonoids | Null | ↓* |  | *marginal significance, if past history of CVD |
Hertog [133] | 1997 | Prospective | 1900 Men, UK | 14 | Total Flavonoids | Null | ↑* |  | *marginal significance, *milk consumed w/tea |
Yochum [130] | 1999 | Prospective | 34492 PostM women, Iowa | 10 | Total Flavonoids |  | ↓ | Null |  |
Hirvonen [126, 129] | 2000, 2001 | Prospective | 23596 Men, Finland | 6.1 | Total Flavonoids | ↓ MI | ↓* | Null | *suggestive, but non-significant |
Arts [143] | 2001 | Prospective | 806 men, Dutch | 10 | Catechins (Flavonoid) |  | ↓ | Null |  |
Arts [128] | 2001 | Prospective | 34492 PostM women, Iowa | 13 | Catechins (Flavonoid) |  | ↓ |  |  |
Geleinjse [122] | 2002 | Prospective | 4807 M+W, Dutch | 5.6 | Total Tea Flavonoids | Null | ↓ |  |  |
Knekt [132] | 2002 | Prospective | 10054 M+W Finland | 28 | Specific flavonoids |  | ↓ | ↓ | also ↓ type 2 diabetes |
Sesso [124] | 2003 | Prospective | 38445 women, USA | 6.9 | Total Flavonoids | Null | Null | Null | Â |
META-ANALYSIS (updated)** | Total Flavonoids → CHD Mortality | RR = 0.81 (95% CI: 0.71–0.92)* | (extreme tertiles) |