Table 1 Basic anthropometric and biochemical characteristics of patients at baseline and after the interventions. The significance threshold for adjusted p-values using the Holm-Bonferroni correction is 0.05

Age (y)

62.0 (58.0, 65.0)

62.0 (60.0, 65.0)

59.5 (55.8, 63.8)

60.5 (55.3, 65.5)

 Baseline

138 (129, 149)

142 (136, 151)

146 (135, 153)

139 (131, 145)

 Week 24

140 (131, 146)

142 (134, 148)

137 (131, 150)

136 (127, 148)

 ∆

2 (−3, 7)

1 (−5, 3)

−5 (−8, 2)

−1 (−8, 1)

 ∆ (%)

1 (−2, 5)

1 (−3, 2)

−3 (−5, 1)

0 (−6, 1)

 Baseline

82 (77, 93)

85 (79, 91)

90 (83, 92)

81 (69, 94)

 Week 24

85 (70, 90)

82 (73, 89)

86 (75, 90)

82 (76, 92)

 ∆

1 (−6, 6)

−1 (−9, 2)

0 (−5, 2)

1 (−7, 5)

 ∆ (%)

1 (−8, 7)

−1 (−8, 2)

0 (−5, 3)

1 (−8, 7)

Body weight (kg)

 Baseline

87.0 (81.2, 103.0)

94.0 (85.0, 102.0)

98.8 (95.2, 110.5)

94.0 (79.5, 107.0)

 Week 24

84.0 (79.0, 103.0)

95.0 (88.0, 103.0)

97.5 (91.5, 108.3)

95.5 (83.0, 111.5)

 ∆

−1.0 (−2.0, 0.0)

1.0 (0.0, 2.8)^c

−1.5 (−2.6, 1.0)

2.0 (1.0, 3.0)^{a, c}

 ∆ (%)

−1.2 (−2.4, 0.0)

1.3 (0.0, 2.3)^c

−1.3 (−2.7, 0.8)

1.9 (1.0, 4.2)^{a, c}

BMI (kg/m²)

 Baseline

30.9 (27.7, 33.5)

32.0 (29.6, 35.4)

34.0 (29.2, 37.5)

31.4 (27.9, 39.8)

 Week 24

30.5 (27.4, 32.6)

32.4 (30.2, 36.6)

33.1 (28.7, 37.9)

32.0 (28.7, 40.6)

 ∆

−0.4 (−0.8, 0.0)

0.4 (0.0, 0.9)^{a, c}

−0.5 (−1.0, 0.3)

0.7 (0.4, 1.2)^{a, c}

 ∆ (%)

−1.4 (−2.5, 0.0)

1.3 (0.0, 2.3)^{a, c}

−1.3 (−2.7, 0.8)

2.0 (1.1, 4.2)^{a, c}

Triacylglycerol (mmol/l)

 Baseline

1.45 (1.23, 1.76)

1.70 (1.17, 2.41)

2.17 (1.50, 2.76)

1.71 (1.32, 2.21)

 Week 24

1.41 (1.10, 2.28)

1.89 (1.24, 2.36)

1.67 (1.53, 2.31)

1.52 (1.06, 2.05)

 ∆

0.21 (−0.13, 0.48)

0.13 (−0.11, 0.66)

−0.48 (−0.73, 0.36)

−0.14 (−0.58, −0.02)

 ∆ (%)

10.1 (−10.6, 31.3)

4.9 (−13.0, 52.4)

−18.2 (−23.8, 20.2)

−12.2 (−24.0, −1.1)

NEFA (mmol/l)

 Baseline

0.73 (0.64, 0.79)

0.82 (0.64, 1.04)

0.65 (0.54, 0.91)

0.69 (0.53, 0.74)

 Week 24

0.65 (0.51, 0.87)

0.51 (0.37, 0.79)

0.60 (0.47, 0.85)

0.53 (0.31, 0.70)

 ∆

0.21 (−0.13, 0.48)

0.13 (−0.11, 0.66)

−0.48 (−0.73, 0.36)

−0.14 (−0.58, −0.02)

 ∆ (%)

−11.0 (−40.7, 13.0)

−43.2 (−50.0, −15.4)

−16.0 (−47.6, 25.7)

−9.4 (−43.0, 18.7)

 Baseline

4.60 (4.00, 5.60)

4.54 (3.70, 5.50)

4.70 (4.49, 5.37)

5.25 (4.78, 5.95)

 Week 24

4.40 (3.53, 5.32)

4.47 (3.61, 5.06)

4.62 (4.40, 5.12)

4.56 (4.32, 5.45)

 ∆

−0.47 (−0.62, −0.20)

−0.07 (−0.40, 0.74)

−0.13 (−0.62, 0.21)

−0.23 (−0.87, −0.04)

 ∆ (%)

−9.8 (−15.9, −4.3)

−2.0 (−7.8, 13.5)

−2.9 (−12.9, 4.5)

−4.7 (−16.4, −0.7)

 Baseline

1.09 (1.00, 1.29)

1.02 (0.90, 1.16)

1.17 (0.94, 1.28)

1.18 (1.03, 1.28)

 Week 24

1.04 (0.79, 1.17)

1.07 (0.96, 1.18)

1.04 (0.91, 1.25)

1.24 (1.10, 1.58)

 ∆

−0.05 (−0.14, −0.04)

0.07 (−0.05, 0.12)

−0.04 (−0.14, 0.05)

0.12 (0.00, 0.22)

 ∆ (%)

−4.8 (−10.9, −2.2)

6.2 (−6.5, 8.8)

−2.8 (−14.4, 4.4)

10.5 (0.9, 19.2)

LDL cholesterol (mmol/l)

 Baseline

2.45 (2.00, 3.29)

2.21 (1.70, 2.70)

2.70 (2.28, 3.00)

2.75 (2.37, 3.32)

 Week 24

2.60 (1.90, 3.02)

2.60 (1.86, 2.94)

2.81 (2.56, 3.24)

3.03 (2.33, 3.53)

 ∆

−0.09 (−0.20, 0.00)

0.13 (−0.03, 0.41)

0.16 (−0.17, 0.70)

0.30 (−0.17, 0.65)

 ∆ (%)

−4.4 (−5.5, 0.0)

7.6 (−1.2, 16.6)

6.8 (−5.6, 27.9)

10.6 (−7.7, 20.2)

SOD (U/ml)

 Baseline

1.40 (0.76, 1.89)

1.44 (0.75, 2.15)

0.90 (0.58, 1.38)

1.16 (0.78, 1.76)

 Week 24

1.22 (0.99, 1.76)

1.11 (0.86, 1.99)

0.90 (0.70, 1.35)

0.88 (0.48, 1.25)

 ∆

0.05 (−0.67, 0.29)

0.21 (−0.33, 0.46)

0.07 (−0.25, 0.46)

−0.23 (−0.68, 0.23)

 ∆ (%)

2.2 (−33.4, 38.5)

24.3 (−23.0, 43.1)

8.9 (−22.0, 46.1)

−18.0 (−49.5, 34.8)

TBARS (mmol/l)

 Baseline

1.71 (1.33, 2.04)

1.40 (1.16, 2.14)

1.46 (1.35, 2.29)

1.64 (1.26, 2.10)

 Week 24

1.42 (1.00, 1.64)

1.36 (0.97, 1.75)

1.12 (0.76, 1.43)

1.28 (0.97, 1.47)

 ∆

−0.23 (−0.76, 0.28)

−0.10 (−0.42, 0.05)

−0.59 (−0.93, 0.12)

−0.20 (−0.78, 0.09)

 ∆ (%)

−17.5 (−34.5, 25.8)

−6.7 (−22.6, 3.2)

−43.0 (−56.4, 11.9)

−10.8 (−43.9, 11.2)

Ratio GSSG/GSH

 Baseline

0.17 (0.12, 0.20)

0.14 (0.11, 0.17)

0.11 (0.09, 0.15)

0.11 (0.08, 0.16)

 Week 24

0.11 (0.11, 0.15)

0.13 (0.10, 0.14)

0.12 (0.08, 0.18)

0.14 (0.11, 0.20)

 ∆

−0.04 (−0.09, 0.02)

0.00 (−0.08, 0.03)

0.00 (−0.02, 0.03)

0.01 (−0.02, 0.06)

 ∆ (%)

−20.9 (−47.5, 19.9)

−3.4(−48.1, 67.3)

2.1 (−19.2, 38.7)

9.0 (−12.7, 53.2)

Leptin (ng/ml)

 Baseline

13.2 (10.6, 17.2)

12.6 (10.0, 26.1)

12.7 (7.0, 23.9)

21.7 (9.7, 30.4)

 Week 24

14.4 (7.8, 15.8)

13.0 (9.2, 33.3)

11.3 (7.9, 21.7)

21.0 (8.5, 41.3)

 ∆

−0.8 (−1.8, 0.6)

2.4 (0.5, 3.0)

−1.1 (−2.9, 1.0)

−0.3 (−1.1, 0.5)

 ∆ (%)

−3.2 (−14.5, 6.8)

10.3 (1.4, 29.4)

−9.9 (−20.9, 12.2)

−1.9 (−3.8, 3.5)

Adiponectin (μg/ml)

 Baseline

6.3 (5.6, 7.3)

5.7 (4.6, 6.9)

5.3 (4.7, 5.9)

5.6 (4.8, 6.4)

 Week 24

6.3 (4.9, 9.0)

9.1 (7.4, 12.8)^{a, c}

6.4 (5.7, 7.2)

8.9 (7.5, 9.9)^{a, c}

 ∆

0.4 (0.0, 1.0)

3.5 (2.6, 5.0)^{a, c}

0.9 (0.6, 1.2)

3.7 (2.6, 4.8)^{a, c}

 ∆ (%)

9.4 (−0.2, 27.4)

60.0 (45.4, 73.4)^{a, c}

15.8 (9.0, 26.9)

64.7 (44.6, 91.8)^{a, c}

Omega-3 PhL Index

 Baseline

4.9 (4.3, 5.8)

5.2 (4.4, 5.8)

4.9 (4.6, 5.5)

5.3 (4.1, 5.7)

 Week 24

4.4 (4.1, 4.8)

4.5 (4.2, 5.2)

8.2 (7.1, 8.9)^{a, b}

8.3 (7.4, 9.2)^{a, b}

 ∆

−0.1 (−0.5, 0.2)

−0.3 (−0.7, 0.2)

2.8 (2.1, 4.4)^{a, b}

3.4 (2.5, 3.6)^{a, b}

 ∆ (%)

−2.6 (−10.5, 4.6)

−5.2 (−13.9, 2.7)

60.8 (43.9, 88.5)^{a, b}

62.8 (41.4, 99.9)^{a, b}