Table 1 Lipid lowering effect of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives

Cinnamic acid

High Cholesterol fed rats (Cinnamic acid (0.02 %, w/w)

- Inhibited hepatic HMG-CoA reductase and ACAT activity.

- Reduced the elevated AST and AST concentration in plasma.

- Lowered plasma and liver triglycerides and cholesterol concentrations.

- Improved antioxidant ezymes activities in erythrocytes and liver.

[96]

Cinnamic acid (30 mg/kg/day) for 7 weeks

- The administration of CA to HFD-fed rats reduced the body weight gain

- Reduced serum lipid profile and

- Reverted back near to normal of lipase and ACE enzymes activities

[122]

HFD diet fed Male Wistar rats

Ferulic acid

C57BL/6 mice fed with high fat diet.

- Lowered liver and plasma cholesterol by reducing fatty acid synthase and glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase

[97]

Golden syrian hamsters (chow-based hypercholesterolemic diet (HCD) containing 10 % coconut oil and 0.1 % cholesterol for 2 weeks)

- Lowered plasma plasma lipid and lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations.

- Preserved the antioxidant status by preserving higher amount of Vitamin E in plasma.

[98]

Stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP)

- Plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were lower after 2 h administration.

- The mRNA expression of genes involved in lipid and drug metabolism was downregulated

[99]

Apolipoprotein E-deficient (apo E−/−) mice fed Western

- Lowered the Concentrations of total cholesterol (total-C), apolipoprotein B (apo B) in the plasma and epididymal adipose tissue wet weight

- Lowered hepatic ACAT and HMG-CoA reductase were only significantly.

[101]

Male apo E−/− mice

- Lowered The hepatic and erythrocyte thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances levels.

- Lowered the plasma total cholesterol concentration accompanied with a decreased hepatic acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase activity.

[100]

Streptozotocin induced diabetes rat

- Reduced the elevated plasma lipid and blood glucose levels

[102]

Caffeic acid

High fat diet in mice (30 mg/kg of CAPE)

- Reduced plasma cholesterol and triglycerides.

- Amelioration in hepatic steatosis.

- Increase in glucose sensitivity by improving phosphorylation of the insulin receptor substrate-2 and Akt phosphorylation.

- Reduced the induction of the inflammatory pathway, c-jun-N- terminal kinase, the nuclear factor kappa B, and cyclooxygenase-2 expression.

[117]

Chlorogenic acid

ICR mice fed with high fat diet.

- Lowered plasma cholesterol by reducing the activity of fatty acid synthase and HMG-CoA reductase and increased the fatty acid beta oxidation.

[15]

Fa/fa Zucker Rats

- Lowered plasma fasting cholesterol and triglycerides

[103]

Streptozotocin (STZ)–nicotinamide (NA)-induced type 2 diabetic rats. (CGA 5 mg/kg)

- Lowered the plasma lipid; cholesterol, free faty acids and triglycerides.

- Lowered HMG-CoA reductase activity in liver and increased LPL activity in plasma.

[104]