From: Impact of 8-week linoleic acid intake in soy oil on Lp-PLA2 activity in healthy adults
Low LA (n = 50) | Medium LA (n = 47) | High LA (n = 50) | P a | P b | P c | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | Follow-up | Baseline | Follow-up | Baseline | Follow-up | ||||
Age (year) | 52.7 ± 0.99 | 52.0 ± 1.13 | 52.7 ± 1.13 | 0.861 | |||||
Male/Female n, (%) | 9 (18.0)/41 (82.0) | 5 (10.6)/42 (89.4) | 9 (18.0)/41 (82.0) | 0.519 | |||||
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.9 ± 0.41 | 23.8 ± 0.41 | 24.4 ± 0.46 | 24.4 ± 0.46 | 24.5 ± 0.43 | 24.5 ± 0.43 | 0.530 | 0.481 | |
Estimated energy intake (kcal/d)† | 2093.3 ± 30.2 | 2103.4 ± 24.7 | 2106.0 ± 23.0 | 2095.9 ± 24.6 | 2094.8 ± 24.0 | 2097.4 ± 30.8 | 0.993 | 0.978 | |
Carbohydrate (% of energy)† | 61.7 ± 0.11 | 64.5 ± 0.32a,*** | 61.4 ± 0.16 | 61.2 ± 0.23b | 61.8 ± 0.10 | 58.1 ± 0.40c,*** | 0.080 | <0.001 | |
Protein (% of energy)† | 16.5 ± 0.10 | 16.2 ± 0.45 | 16.4 ± 0.15 | 16.8 ± 0.18 | 16.5 ± 0.12 | 16.7 ± 0.14 | 0.858 | 0.381 | |
Fat (% of energy)† | 21.9 ± 0.11 | 19.6 ± 0.38c,*** | 22.1 ± 0.07 | 22.0 ± 0.09b | 22.0 ± 0.10 | 25.4 ± 0.40a,*** | 0.373 | <0.001 | |
PUFA/SFA† | 1.24 ± 0.02 | 1.30 ± 0.04b | 1.23 ± 0.01 | 1.22 ± 0.01b | 1.20 ± 0.01 | 1.75 ± 0.01a,*** | 0.389 | <0.001 | |
n-6/n-3† | 9.79 ± 0.28 | 9.25 ± 0.36b | 9.75 ± 0.37 | 9.66 ± 0.34a,b | 9.83 ± 0.26 | 10.7 ± 0.26a,* | 0.928 | 0.003 | |
γ-linolenic acid (C18:3, n-6)‡ | 0.194 ± 0.017 | 0.162 ± 0.011* | 0.185 ± 0.011 | 0.182 ± 0.010 | 0.176 ± 0.016 | 0.208 ± 0.020* | 0.692 | 0.070 | |
Change | −0.032 ± 0.014b | −0.003 ± 0.007a,b | 0.032 ± 0.015a | 0.001 | |||||
α-linolenic acid (C18:3, n-3)‡ | 0.139 ± 0.018 | 0.120 ± 0.011b | 0.125 ± 0.010 | 0.129 ± 0.011b | 0.159 ± 0.017 | 0.188 ± 0.021a | 0.319 | 0.004 | |
Change | −0.020 ± 0.013b | 0.004 ± 0.004a,b | 0.029 ± 0.015a | 0.018 | |||||
Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (C20:3, n-6)‡ | 0.146 ± 0.005 | 0.130 ± 0.007b,** | 0.154 ± 0.005 | 0.155 ± 0.005a | 0.142 ± 0.007 | 0.157 ± 0.008a,* | 0.345 | 0.008 | |
Change | −0.016 ± 0.005b | 0.001 ± 0.005a,b | 0.014 ± 0.005a | <0.001 | |||||
Arachidonic acid (C20:4, n-6)‡ | 0.647 ± 0.016 | 0.632 ± 0.017 | 0.666 ± 0.019 | 0.670 ± 0.019 | 0.654 ± 0.020 | 0.691 ± 0.019** | 0.753 | 0.062 | |
Change | −0.015 ± 0.015b | 0.004 ± 0.011a,b | 0.038 ± 0.013a | 0.015 | |||||
Eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5, n-3)‡ | 0.233 ± 0.016 | 0.236 ± 0.015 | 0.230 ± 0.018 | 0.239 ± 0.016 | 0.211 ± 0.017 | 0.197 ± 0.011 | 0.604 | 0.071 | |
Docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6, n-3)‡ | 0.428 ± 0.025 | 0.411 ± 0.023 | 0.446 ± 0.030 | 0.440 ± 0.028 | 0.458 ± 0.024 | 0.455 ± 0.019 | 0.715 | 0.404 | |
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 123.1 ± 1.82 | 120.5 ± 1.76 | 120.2 ± 1.92 | 117.8 ± 1.76 | 122.1 ± 1.78 | 123.1 ± 1.77 | 0.543 | 0.106 | |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 79.5 ± 1.42 | 76.9 ± 1.24* | 76.8 ± 1.34 | 74.5 ± 1.23* | 77.4 ± 1.22 | 77.3 ± 1.26 | 0.333 | 0.243 | |
Prothrombin time (sec) | 10.5 ± 0.07 | 10.6 ± 0.08 | 10.7 ± 0.08 | 10.7 ± 0.08 | 10.6 ± 0.08 | 10.6 ± 0.07 | 0.552 | 0.730 | |
Activated partial thromboplastin time (sec) | 26.3 ± 0.37 | 26.9 ± 0.42* | 27.3 ± 0.35 | 27.4 ± 0.40 | 26.4 ± 0.33 | 26.5 ± 0.35 | 0.103 | 0.288 | |
Fibrinogen (mg/dL) | 260.7 ± 5.12 | 272.1 ± 6.54* | 269.0 ± 6.51 | 270.9 ± 6.33 | 267.4 ± 5.27 | 263.0 ± 4.63 | 0.541 | 0.491 | |
CEPI-CT (sec) | 142.4 ± 7.37 | 144.4 ± 8.20 | 141.2 ± 5.50 | 141.4 ± 7.88 | 151.3 ± 8.41 | 144.2 ± 7.26 | 0.561 | 0.694 | |
Triglyceride (mg/dL)∮ | 132.3 ± 10.2 | 117.4 ± 8.38 | 123.1 ± 8.57 | 122.1 ± 9.71 | 136.8 ± 12.7 | 169.6 ± 28.3 | 0.938 | 0.137 | |
Total-cholesterol (mg/dL)∮ | 228.3 ± 3.44 | 210.1 ± 4.40b,*** | 231.2 ± 3.91 | 227.5 ± 3.90a | 222.0 ± 3.94 | 227.4 ± 6.09a | 0.182 | 0.018 | |
Change | −18.1 ± 3.71b | −3.68 ± 3.70a | 5.42 ± 4.52a | <0.001 | |||||
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)∮ | 55.4 ± 2.09 | 55.8 ± 2.02 | 58.6 ± 2.55 | 60.3 ± 2.64 | 51.1 ± 2.03 | 53.9 ± 2.60 | 0.081 | 0.136 | |
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)∮ | 146.5 ± 3.54 | 129.1 ± 3.50b,*** | 148.0 ± 3.63 | 142.8 ± 3.55a | 143.7 ± 3.74 | 143.3 ± 4.61a | 0.670 | 0.017 | |
Change | −17.4 ± 3.49a | −5.14 ± 3.69a,b | −0.14 ± 3.77b | 0.003 | |||||
Apolipoprotein A-I (mg/dL)∮ | 162.8 ± 4.14 | 161.2 ± 3.50 | 167.9 ± 5.07 | 170.5 ± 4.65 | 152.7 ± 3.59 | 156.6 ± 4.15 | 0.065 | 0.059 | |
Apolipoprotein B (mg/dL)∮ | 126.4 ± 3.85 | 122.3 ± 3.69 | 128.7 ± 3.48 | 127.9 ± 3.29 | 121.2 ± 3.48 | 127.6 ± 3.29* | 0.305 | 0.349 | |
Change | −4.06 ± 2.56b | −0.85 ± 2.34a,b | 6.44 ± 2.54a | 0.010 | |||||
Glucose (mg/dL)∮ | 89.5 ± 1.35 | 89.3 ± 1.36 | 88.1 ± 1.11 | 87.9 ± 1.15 | 87.6 ± 0.97 | 86.3 ± 1.23 | 0.564 | 0.250 | |
Insulin (μIU/mL)∮ | 8.56 ± 0.51 | 8.41 ± 0.43 | 8.95 ± 0.50 | 8.81 ± 0.52 | 8.63 ± 0.57 | 8.70 ± 0.64 | 0.615 | 0.895 | |
hs-CRP (mg/L)∮ | 0.53 ± 0.06 | 0.83 ± 0.16* | 0.79 ± 0.16 | 0.75 ± 0.11 | 0.77 ± 0.13 | 0.73 ± 0.13 | 0.253 | 0.641 | |
Oxidized LDL (U/L)∮ | 63.6 ± 1.98 | 61.9 ± 1.91 | 61.6 ± 2.29 | 61.9 ± 2.66 | 63.6 ± 2.68 | 67.9 ± 2.32** | 0.714 | 0.084 | |
Change | −1.74 ± 1.38b | 0.30 ± 1.55a,b | 4.27 ± 1.61a | 0.018 |