Fig. 3

a TSC Complex. The TSC complex has 3 subunits, TSC1, TSC2 and TBC1D7. TSC1 increased in EAA, but TSC2 and TBC1D7 decreased in CQ. The TSC complex is a negative regulator of mTORC1, acting as a negative regulator of Rheb. b REDD1 and REDD2. REDD1 and REDD2 have the same function, negatively regulating mTORC1 through the TSC complex. The mRNAs coding for REDD1 (DDIT4) and for REDD2 (DDIT4L) changed in an opposite manner. x-axis: EAA = essential amino acid only group, CQ = essential amino acid plus chloroquine group, mean = mean of group ± standard error; y-axis units is fold change in gene expression from the basal to fed state using the 2-∆∆Ct method; bar indicates independent t-test comparison of EAA and CQ, symbols over means indicate paired t-test comparison of fold change with normalized baseline; * = p ≤ 0.05, ** = p ≤ 0.01, # = p < 0.10, NSD or no label = p > 0.10; the female subjects (n = 3 in CQ) are delineated by darker data points