The anti-diabetic effects of betanin in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats through modulating AMPK/SIRT1/NF-κB signaling pathway

Table 3 Effect of betanin on serum lipid profile and liver enzymes levels

Variables	Normal control	Normal + Betanin (40 mg/kg)	Diabetic control	Diabetic + betanin (10 mg/kg)	Diabetic + betanin (20 mg/kg)	Diabetic + betanin (40 mg/kg)	Diabetic + glibenclamide
TC (mg/dL)	72.33 ± 5.35	70.60 ± 9.21	129.20 ± 8.11^†††	115.50 ± 11.90^##	98.40 ± 11.26^ϕϕϕ,**	124.80 ± 7.59^###	91.00 ± 11.25^ϕϕϕ
LDL-C, (mg/dL)	15.83 ± 3.71	18.80 ± 5.40	57.00 ± 3.61^†††	35.50 ± 2.64^ϕϕϕ,***	30.00 ± 2.74^ϕϕϕ,***	50.60 ± 5.94^###	29.20 ± 4.82^ϕϕϕ
HDL-C, (mg/dL)	43.83 ± 5.74	47.80 ± 4.76	23.40 ± 2.97^†††	35.00 ± 3.56^ϕϕ,***	35.20 ± 2.49^ϕϕ,***	20.60 ± 2.07^###	40.40 ± 2.41^ϕϕϕ
TG, (mg/dL)	105.33 ± 52.83	91.20 ± 18.70	209.00 ± 63.28^††	113.75 ± 17.56^ϕ	98.60 ± 23.03^ϕϕ	165.40 ± 59.47	99.60 ± 10.45^ϕϕ
ALT, (U/L)	83.17 ± 12.32	82.40 ± 9.48	152.60 ± 10.97^†††	138.75 ± 7.93	123.20 ± 9.68^ϕϕ,**	148.80 ± 6.30	130.40 ± 12.70^ϕ
AST, (U/L)	104.17 ± 17.52	105.60 ± 18.23	208.60 ± 25.28^†††	141.25 ± 10.69^ϕϕϕ,***	132.20 ± 10.64^ϕϕϕ,***	198.00 ± 7.55^###	140.20 ± 15.83^ϕϕϕ

Data were expressed as mean ± SD
TC: total cholesterol, LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, TG: triglyceride, ALT: alanine aminotransferase, AST: aspartate aminotransferase
^††P < 0.01, ^†††P < 0.001 versus normal control group
^ϕP < 0.05, ^ϕϕP < 0.01, ^ϕϕϕP < 0.001 versus diabetic control group
^###P < 0.001 versus diabetic + glibenclamide group
^**P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 versus diabetic + betanin 40 mg/kg group (differences among diabetic rats received betanin)

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