Characteristics | Total | Quartiles of C-peptide | P valuesa | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | |||
Maternal age, years | 28.0 (25.0–30.0) | 27.0 (25.0–30.0) | 27.0 (25.0–30.0) | 28.0 (25.0–30.0) | 28.0 (25.0–31.0) | 0.483 |
Gestational age, weeks | 11.0 (9.0–12.0) | 11.0 (9.0–12.0) | 11.0 (9.0–12.0) | 11.0 (9.0–12.0) | 10.0 (8.0–12.0) | 0.007 |
Education > 12 years, n (%) | 399 (40.1) | 94 (43.7) | 94 (42.0) | 94 (37.8) | 117 (38.0) | 0.450 |
Parity ≥ 1, n (%) | 502 (50.4) | 93 (43.3) | 107 (47.8) | 128 (51.4) | 174 (56.5) | 0.021 |
Smoking status, n (%) | 0.538 | |||||
Current | 16 (1.6) | 2 (0.9) | 4 (1.8) | 4 (1.6) | 6 (2.0) | |
Former | 42 (4.2) | 6 (2.8) | 14 6.3) | 8 (3.2) | 14 (4.6) | |
Never | 938 (94.2) | 207 (96.3) | 206 (92.0) | 237 (95.2) | 288 (93.5) | |
Alcohol consumption, n (%) | 0.149 | |||||
Current | 3 (0.3) | 1 (0.5) | 0 | 0 | 2 (0.7) | |
Former | 188 (18.9) | 32 (14.9) | 54 (24.1) | 43 (17.3) | 59 (19.2) | |
Never | 805 (80.8) | 182 (84.7) | 170 (75.9) | 206 (82.7) | 247 (80.2) | |
Physical activity, MET-h∙week-1 | 116.5 (70.5–171.0) | 126.7 (77.3–183.7) | 121.6 (75.5–171.9) | 123.6 (68.1–171.0) | 106.8 (63.7–161.1) | 0.078 |
Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | 21.0 (19.2–23.0) | 19.7 (18.3–21.2) | 20.3 (18.8–21.6) | 21.0 (19.3–22.7) | 22.8 (21.1–25.3) | < 0.001 |
WHR | 0.8 (0.8–0.9) | 0.8 (0.8–0.8) | 0.8 (0.8–0.9) | 0.8 (0.8–0.9) | 0.8 (0.8–0.9) | < 0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 109.0 (103.5–116.0) | 107.0 (101.5–113.5) | 108.0 (102.5–114.5) | 109.0 (104.5–115.5) | 112.0 (105.5–119.0) | < 0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 74.0 (68.5–79.0) | 73.0 (67.0–77.0) | 74.0 (68.0–78.0) | 74.0 (68.5–79.5) | 75.5 (70.0–81.3) | < 0.001 |
C-peptide, ng/mL | 0.92 (0.73–1.20) | 0.58 (0.51–0.64) | 0.78 (0.74–0.82) | 0.98 (0.92–1.05) | 1.39 (1.24–1.71) | N/A |
Fasting blood glucose, mmol/L | 4.4 (4.2–4.7) | 4.2 (4.0–4.5) | 4.4 (4.1–4.6) | 4.4 (4.2–4.7) | 4.6 (4.3–4.9) | < 0.001 |
Insulin, uIU/mL | 8.0 (5.5–11.5) | 4.7 (3.6–5.5) | 6.4 (5.4–7.6) | 8.6 (7.4–10.5) | 13.1 (10.3–17.0) | < 0.001 |
HOMA-IR | 1.6 (1.1–2.3) | 0.9 (0.7–1.0) | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) | 1.7 (1.4–2.1) | 2.7 (2.1–3.5) | < 0.001 |
HbA1c, %b | 5.1 ± 0.3 | 5.0 ± 0.3 | 5.0 ± 0.2 | 5.1 ± 0.2 | 5.1 ± 0.3 | < 0.001 |
Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.1 (4.4–5.7) | 5.1 (4.4–5.7) | 5.1 (4.4–5.6) | 5.0 (4.3–5.6) | 5.2 (4.5–5.8) | 0.269 |
TG, mmol/L | 1.5 (1.1–1.9) | 1.3 (1.0–1.6) | 1.4 (1.0–1.8) | 1.4 (1.1–1.9) | 1.7 (1.2–2.3) | < 0.001 |
LDL-C, mmol/L | 1.7 (1.4–2.0) | 1.6 (1.3–1.9) | 1.6 (1.4–1.9) | 1.6 (1.4–1.9) | 1.7 (1.5–2.1) | < 0.001 |
HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.4 (1.2–1.6) | 1.5 (1.4–1.7) | 1.5 (1.3–1.7) | 1.4 (1.2–1.6) | 1.3 (1.2–1.5) | < 0.001 |
Parental history of DM, n (%) | 78 (7.8) | 11 (5.1) | 15 (6.7) | 19 (7.6) | 33 (10.7) | 0.091 |
History of GDM, n (%) | 27 (2.7) | 1 (0.5) | 3 (1.3) | 6 (2.4) | 17 (5.5) | 0.001 |