Fig. 2

Current EFSA recommendations for β-carotene (BC) with a focus on all-trans-β,β-carotene (ATBC) and our suggestions for 9-cis-β,β-carotene (9CBC). # based on our own calculations/percentile amounts based on calculations originating from Table 2b, * relevant only when the individual is a tobacco smoker (no proposed upper limit for general population) and only a recommendations for people who are tobacco smoking in parallel to taking high-dose BC supplementation/consumption, ** relevant, when the individual is not a smoker; *** based on 10 mg/d as upper value due to EFSA suggestion [43, 70]; **** volunteers with single treatment, Stahl et al. [136] (Table 3)