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Table 1 Intake recommendations for vitamin A and provitamin A / β-carotene (A) Selected intake recommendations for vitamin A in vitamin A equivalents (VAE), all individual values from international and national organizations are presented in Additional file 1: Table 1. (B) Selected intake recommendations for β-carotene

From: Human nutritional relevance and suggested nutritional guidelines for vitamin A5/X and provitamin A5/X

 

National RDI’s or similar for vitamin A

(µg RE/d or µg RAE/d for DACH)

National UL or similar for vitamin A

(µg RE/d)

(A)

Range

  

 Adult man

600–900

3000

 Adult woman

500–750

3000

Range

  

 Pregnant woman

700–800

3000

Range

  

 Lactating woman

850–1300

3000

Range

  

 Children

300–950

600–2800

Organization

National RDI or similar for β-carotene

(mg/d)

National UL or similar for β-carotene

(mg/d)

(B)

EFSA5

N/A

15

UK-EVM-GL & SUL6

N/A

7

DGE7

2

N/A

DGE-vegetarians7

8

N/A

  1. All ranges are based on EFSA1, USDA2, WHO-FAO3 and DACH4 recommendations listed in Additional file 1: Table 1
  2. References: 1 EFSA: DRV-PRI and UL [145]; 2 DRI-RDA and UL [146]; 3 WHO/FAO: Safe recommended intake [34, 45], 4 DACH Recommended Dietary Intakes [44]; 5 EFSA—safe intake (including smokers from additives & supplements) [46]; 6 UK-Safe upper levels for vitamins and minerals as proposed by the expert group for vitamins and minerals [147]; 7 DGE-RDIs [42]
  3. DACH, German, Austrian and Swiss Recommended Dietary Intakes; DGE, German Nutrition Society; DRI, dietary reference intakes; DRV, dietary reference values; EFSA, European Food Safety Authority; GL, guidance level; PRI, population reference intakes; RDA, recommended dietary allowance; RDI, recommended daily intake; RAE, retinol activity equivalents; RE, retinol equivalents; SUL, safe upper level; UL, tolerable upper intake level; USDA, US Department of Agriculture; WHO-FAO, World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization
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Nutrition & Metabolism

ISSN: 1743-7075

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