Skip to main content

Table 2 (A) Concentrations of ATBC and 9CBC in human serum, breast milk and further analyzed organs. (B) Selected examples of ATBC and 9CBC as present in fruits and vegetables

From: Human nutritional relevance and suggested nutritional guidelines for vitamin A5/X and provitamin A5/X

(A)

ATBC (nM)

9CBC (nM)

% of 9CBCa

Serum

131/275/703b

UDLb

 

420 (120–890)c

0–4 c,d

0–1c,d

Liver

1400/1600/7300b

400/600/2100b

22/27/22

 

3020 (160–8620)c

1162c,d

28 c,d

Kidney

550 (80–2031)c

177c,d

24 c,d

Adrenals

1800/2000/4400b

100/100/300b

5/5/6

 

5600 (680–31,830)c

988c,d

15 c,d

Testes

2680 (750–4770)c

670c,d

29c,d

Prostate

480 ± 0.06e

380 ± 0.06e

 ~ 44

Breast milk

916f

24f

 ~ 3

(B)

Dry weight in µg/g

Fresh wet weight in µg/g

% 9CBC of total BC fresh weightm

ATBC

9CBC

ATBC

9CBC

Fruits

     

 Peacho

 

2.2

0.3

12

 

 Apricotsn

16.0g

4.4g

2.0

0.6

23

 Papayan

10.6h

7.0

1.9

1.3

41

Vegetables/root vegetables

     

 Pumpkinn

9.7i

2.7

0.6

0.2

28

 Sweet potatop

  

38.2

1.5

4

 Tomatoo

  

71.0

4.8

6

 Carrotsn

1030j

57.1j

117

6.5

5

Leafy vegetables

     

 Lettucen

104k

41.0k

5.0

2.0

29

 Broccolio

  

29.2

5.0

15

 Kaleq

  

59.4

14.1

19

 Spinacho

  

311.9

38.6

11

Calculated total average for fruits and vegetable

    

18

Algae with no direct food relevance

     

 Dunaliella salinan

38,500

37,800

l

l

50

  1. (A) (a) The percentage of ATBC and 9CBC of total BC; (b) Stahl et al. [148]; (c) Stahl et al. [149]; with (d) approx. calculations of 9CBC concentrations based on the displayed figures; (e) Clinton et al. [150]; (f) Johnson et al. [151]; UDL - under detection limit. (B) Individual dry weight listed as (g) 12.6% (n), (h) 18.3% (n), (i) 6.2% (n); (j) 11.3% (n), (k) 4.8% (n), (l) not calculated because the wet algae and thereby the weight of these algae are not of nutritional relevance. (m) total BC = ATBC + 9CBC; (n) Ben-Amotz and Fishler [152], (o) Khoo et al. [153], (p) Berni et al. [154], (q) Murador et al. [155]