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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients with diabetes

From: Association between dietary supplement use and mortality among US adults with diabetes: a longitudinal cohort study

Characteristics

All patients (n = 8,122)

Supplement Users

(n = 3,997)

Supplement Non-users (n = 4,125)

Pa

Demographics factors

    

Age, years

59.42 ± 0.23

62.31 ± 0.30

56.02 ± 0.29

< 0.001

Female (%)

3,927 (48.7)

2,066 (51.4)

1,861 (45.5)

< 0.001

Race

   

< 0.001

Mexican American (%)

1,604 (9.0)

629 (6.1)

975 (12.5)

 

Non-Hispanic White (%)

2,918 (61.4)

1,719 (69.3)

1,199 (52.2)

 

Non-Hispanic Black (%)

2,106 (15.3)

917 (11.7)

1,189 (19.5)

 

Others

1,494 (14.2)

732 (12.8)

762 (15.9)

 

Socioeconomic factors

    

Family income to poverty ratio

   

< 0.001

≤ 1.3 (%)

2,640 (23.9)

1,033 (17.3)

1,607 (31.7)

 

1.3–3.5 (%)

3,748 (44.0)

1,898 (44.7)

1,850 (43.3)

 

> 3.5 (%)

1,734 (32.1)

1,066 (38.0)

668 (25.0)

 

Educational level

   

< 0.001

Lower than high school (%)

3,054 (25.7)

1,125 (18.4)

1,929 (34.2)

 

High school or equivalent (%)

1,882 (25.8)

961 (25.9)

921 (25.6)

 

Above (%)

3,186 (48.6)

1,911 (55.7)

1,275 (40.2)

 

Lifestyle factors

    

BMI status

   

0.46

< 25 kg/m2 (%)

1,173 (12.4)

597 (12.6)

576 (12.2)

 

25–30 kg/m2 (%)

2,419 (26.9)

1,203 (27.5)

1,216 (26.1)

 

≥30 kg/m2 (%)

4,530 (60.7)

2,197 (59.8)

2,333 (61.8)

 

Smoking status

   

< 0.001

Never smokers (%)

4,031 (49.0)

2,032 (49.1)

1,999 (48.9)

 

Former smokers (%)

2,775 (34.2)

1,530 (39.6)

1,245 (27.9)

 

Current smokers (%)

1,316 (16.8)

435 (11.3)

881 (23.3)

 

Drinking status

   

0.79

Nondrinker (%)

4,511 (49.0)

2,206 (48.8)

2,305 (49.2)

 

Low-to-moderate drinker (%)

3,264 (46.3)

1,634 (46.6)

1,630 (45.8)

 

Heavy drinker (%)

347 (4.8)

157 (4.6)

190 (5.0)

 

Physically activity (%)

1,661 (23.6)

954 (26.8)

707 (19.8)

< 0.001

Clinical factors

    

Chronic diseases status

    

Hypertension (%)

5,876 (69.9)

3,033 (74.4)

2,843 (64.7)

< 0.001

Hypercholesterolemia (%)

4,305 (55.4)

2,373 (61.5)

1,932 (48.2)

< 0.001

CVD (%)

2,182 (24.9)

1,145 (26.8)

1,037 (22.8)

< 0.001

Cancer (%)

1,146 (15.8)

693 (19.3)

453 (11.7)

< 0.001

Weak/failing kidney (%)

680 (7.1)

399 (8.3)

281 (5.7)

< 0.001

Use of antidiabetic medications (%)

4,791 (58.7)

2,525 (62.0)

2,266 (54.8)

< 0.001

Number of antidiabetic medications

Median 4 IQR (2, 7)

Median 4 IQR (2, 7)

Median 3 IQR (1, 6)

< 0.001

Type of antidiabetic medications

    

Sulfonylureas (%)

2,068 (23.4)

1,061 (23.8)

1,007 (22.8)

0.40

Biguanides (%)

2,995 (38.1)

1,583 (40.9)

1,412 (34.8)

< 0.001

Insulin (%)

1,442 (18.0)

753 (18.5)

689 (17.5)

0.41

Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors (%)

29 (0.3)

17 (0.4)

12 (0.2)

0.11

Thiazolidinediones (%)

616 (7.9)

318 (8.6)

298 (7.2)

0.070

Meglitinides (%)

70 (0.7)

43 (1.0)

27 (0.5)

0.018

DPP-4 Inhibitors (%)

260 (3.4)

163 (4.2)

97 (2.6)

0.023

Amylin Analogs (%)

6 (0.1)

4 (0.1)

2 (0.1)

0.64

GLP-1 Receptor Agonists (%)

95 (1.7)

57 (2.1)

38 (1.3)

0.079

SGLT-2 Inhibitors (%)

41 (0.6)

22 (0.8)

19 (0.4)

0.048

Others (%)

16 (0.2)

7 (0.1)

9 (0.2)

0.56

HbA1c, %

7.26 ± 0.03

7.00 ± 0.03

7.59 ± 0.04

< 0.001

  1. BMI: body mass index; CVD: cardiovascular diseases; IQR: interquartile range; DPP-4: Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4; GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide-1; SGLT-2: sodium-glucose cotransporter 2; HbA1c: hemoglobinA1c
  2. Note: All estimates accounted for survey weights of NHANES. Values are presented as number (weighted percentage), mean ± standard error, or median (IQR)
  3. a Characteristics between supplement users and non-users were compared using the Chi-square test, independent samples t-test, or Wilcoxon rank sum test
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Nutrition & Metabolism

ISSN: 1743-7075

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