Association between dietary supplement use and mortality among US adults with diabetes: a longitudinal cohort study

Table 2 Associations between overall supplement use and mortality outcomes among patients with diabetes

Outcomes	Death among non-users	Death among users	Model 1^a		Model 2 ^b		Model 3 ^c		Model 4 ^d
Outcomes	Death among non-users	Death among users	HR (95% CI)	P	HR (95% CI)	P	HR (95% CI)	P	HR (95% CI)	P
All-cause mortality	1,249 (26.2%)	1,198 (25.5%)	0.84 (0.75, 0.94)	0.002	0.94 (0.84, 1.04)	0.23	0.96 (0.86, 1.07)	0.45	0.97 (0.87, 1.08)	0.56
CVD mortality	438 (9.3%)	398 (8.4%)	0.75 (0.63, 0.90)	0.002	0.88 (0.74, 1.06)	0.17	0.91 (0.76, 1.09)	0.31	0.94 (0.78, 1.12)	0.48
Cancer mortality	189 (4.0%)	213 (4.2%)	0.82 (0.61, 1.10)	0.18	0.96 (0.71, 1.30)	0.79	0.95 (0.71, 1.29)	0.76	0.94 (0.70, 1.27)	0.70
Diabetes mortality	123 (2.8%)	131 (2.9%)	0.89 (0.61, 1.30)	0.54	1.07 (0.74, 1.55)	0.72	1.11 (0.76, 1.63)	0.59	1.10 (0.75, 1.61)	0.63

CI: confidence intervals; CVD: cardiovascular diseases; HR: hazard ratio
^a Model 1: Adjusted for demographic factors (age, sex, and ethnicity)
^b Model 2: Adjusted for demographic factors and socioeconomic factors (educational level and family income to poverty ratio level)
^c Model 3: Adjusted for demographic factors, socioeconomic factors and lifestyle factors (smoking status, drinking status, physical activity status, and body mass index status)
^d Model 4: Adjusted for demographic factors, socioeconomic factors, lifestyle factors and clinical factors (hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, CVD, weak/failing kidney, cancer, use of antidiabetic medications, and HbA_1c).

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