Association between dietary supplement use and mortality among US adults with diabetes: a longitudinal cohort study

Table 3 Associations between different categories of supplement use and all-cause mortality among patients with diabetes

Category of supplement use	Total number of users	Death number in users	Model 1 ^a		Model 2 ^b		Model 3 ^c		Model 4 ^d
Category of supplement use	Total number of users	Death number in users	HR (95%CI)	P	HR (95%CI)	P	HR (95%CI)	P	HR (95%CI)	P
Vitamins	3,489	1,038 (25.6%)	0.83 (0.74, 0.93)	0.001	0.93 (0.84, 1.04)	0.20	0.96 (0.85, 1.07)	0.42	0.96 (0.86, 1.08)	0.52
Minerals	3,011	936 (26.1%)	0.83 (0.73, 0.93)	0.002	0.93 (0.83, 1.05)	0.25	0.97 (0.86, 1.09)	0.59	0.98 (0.87, 1.11)	0.73
Botanicals	851	201 (21.6%)	0.70 (0.57, 0.85)	0.001	0.79 (0.66, 0.96)	0.019	0.85 (0.70, 1.04)	0.12	0.89 (0.73, 1.09)	0.26
Amino acids	166	33 (13.2%)	0.49 (0.34, 0.71)	< 0.001	0.56 (0.39, 0.81)	0.002	0.61 (0.43, 0.87)	0.007	0.66 (0.46, 0.96)	0.028
Fatty acids	858	152 (16.2%)	0.61 (0.47, 0.79)	< 0.001	0.70 (0.54, 0.90)	0.007	0.76 (0.58, 0.99)	0.045	0.78 (0.59, 1.03)	0.082
Glucosamine	264	61 (21.0%)	0.61 (0.43, 0.87)	0.006	0.72 (0.51, 1.02)	0.064	0.75 (0.52, 1.09)	0.13	0.78 (0.54, 1.14)	0.20

CI: confidence intervals; CVD: cardiovascular diseases; HR: hazard ratio
The number and proportion of deaths among non-users are presented in Table 3
Analysis for probiotics is not presented due to the low proportion of deaths among users (n = 15)
^a Model 1: Adjusted for demographic factors (age, sex, and ethnicity)
^b Model 2: Adjusted for demographic factors and socioeconomic factors (educational level and family income to poverty ratio level)
^c Model 3: Adjusted for demographic factors, socioeconomic factors and lifestyle factors (smoking status, drinking status, physical activity status, and body mass index status)
^d Model 4: Adjusted for demographic factors, socioeconomic factors, lifestyle factors and clinical factors (hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, CVD, weak/failing kidney, cancer, use of antidiabetic medications, and HbA_1c).

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