Table 2 Effects of CLA supplementation on body composition indices and athletic performance in human studies
Author (year) | Country (Reference number) | Study design (sex) | Participants numbers | Type and dose of CLA administered | Duration (mean age of subjects)), [Health status] | Outcome measures |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Blankson et al. (2000) | Norway [75] | RCT (M/F) | 47 | CLA capsules (contain equal parts of the cis-9, trans-11 isomer and the trans-10, cis-12 isomer)at doses of r 1.7, 3.4, 5.1 or 6.8 g/d Placebo (9 g olive oil) | 12-week (45.3 years) [Overweight and obese humans] | Body fat mass ↓ Lean body mass ↔ BMI ↔ Lipid profile ↔ |
Shahmirzadi et al. (2019) | Iran [105] | RCT (M/F) | 54 (27/27) | CLA capsule at dose of 3 g/d containing 50:50 mixture of cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 CLA isomers Placebo (1500 mg/d paraffin oil) | 12-week (18–45 years) [Obese Adults] | BMI ↔ Body weight ↔ Body fat mass ↓ Body fat percentage ↓ Trunk fat ↓ |
Sluijs et al. (2010) | Netherlands [60] | RCT (M/F) | 401 (201/200) | Participants received either 4 g CLA/d (2.5 g 9-cis, 11-trans CLA/d and 0.6 g 10-trans, 12-cis CLA/d) or placebo supplements | 6-month (40–70 years) [Overweight and obese adults] | Lipid profile ↔ Body composition ↔ |
Joseph et al. (2011) | Canada [58] | RCT (M) | 27 (crossover) | Mixture of 3.5 g/d CLA (50:50) contain (cis 9, trans 11) and (trans 10, cis 12) or Placebo (safflower) | 8-week (18–60 years) [Overweight, hyperlipidemic men] | Body fat mass ↔ BMI ↔ LBM ↔ Lipid profile ↔ |
Mądry et al. (2016) | Poland [76] | RCT (F) | 62 (32/30) | 3 g/d CLA (50:50 cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 isomers) or Placebo (sunflower oil) | 12-week (54 years) [Overweight and obese women] | Body weight ↔ BMI ↔ Waist circumference ↔ Hip circumference ↓ |
MacRedmond et al. (2010) | Canada [61] | RCT (M/F) | 26 (13/13) | 4.5 g/d CLA supplementation (contain mixture of cis-9, trans-11 36.4%, and trans-10-cis-12 37.0%) or Placebo | 12-week (19–40 years) [Mild asthmatics overweight subjects] | Body weight ↓ BMI ↓ |
Norris et al. (2009) | Germany [78] | RCT (F) | 35 (crossover) | 8 g/d CLA oil (net CLA;6.4 g/d), (isomers were not identified) or Placebo (Safflower oil) | 16-week (59.6 years) [Obese postmenopausal type 2 diabetes women] | BMI ↓ Total adipose mass ↓ Lean body mass ↔ |
Colakoglu et al. (2006) | Turkey [102] | RCT (F) | 44 | 3.6 g/d CLA(isomers were not identified) alone or in combination with exercise or Placebo | 6-week (20.8 years) [Healthy female young subjects] | Body weight ↓ Fat mass ↓ WC ↓ Fat free mass ↑ Lipid profile ↔ Endurance performance ↑ |
Thom et al. (2001) | Norway [10] | RCT (M/F) | 20 (10/10) | 1.8 g/d CLA (containing equal amounts of the two isomers c9, trans 11–18:2 and trans 10, cis 12–18:2) or Placebo (hydrogel) | 12-week (18–30 years) [Healthy exercising humans] | Body weight ↔ BMI ↔ Body fat percent ↓ Endurance performance ↑ |
Lambert et al. (2007) | South Africa [100] | RCT (M/F) | 62 | 3.9 g/d CLA capsule (cis 9 trans 11 (29·7%) and cis 10 trans 12 (30·9%)) or Placebo (sunflower oil) | 12-week (21–45 years) [Regularly exercising individuals] | Body composition ↔ Lipid profile ↔ Athletic performance ↔ |
Zambell et al. (2000) | USA [73] | RCT (F) | 17 (10/7) | CLA capsule (contain 22.6% trans-10,cis-12; 23.6% cis-11,trans-13; 17.6% cis-9,trans-11; 16.6% trans-8,cis-10; 7.7% trans-9,trans-11 and trans10,trans-12; 11.9% other isomers), (3 g/d) or Placebo (sunflower oil) | 64-day (28.3 years) [Healthy, adult women] | Body weight ↔ BMI ↔ FFM ↔ Sport performance ↔ |
Pina et al. (2016) | Brasil [101] | RCT (F) | 28 (15/13) | 3.2 g/d CLA(contain mixture of CLA isomers, predominantly the isomers cis-9, trans-11–50% and trans-10, cis-12–80%) or Placebo combining with aerobic exercise program | 8-week (23 years) [Healthy overweight women] | Abdominal fat ↔ Trunk fat ↔ Athletic performance ↔ |
Watras et al. (2006) | USA [74] | RCT (M/F) | 40 (18/22) | 3.2 g/d CLA (39.2% cis-9, trans-11 and 38.5% trans-10, cis-12) or Placebo (safflower oil) | 6-month (18–44 years) [Healthy, overweight subjects] | Body weight ↓ Body fat percent ↓ RMR ↔ |
Tajmanesh et al. (2015) | Iran [106] | RCT (M) | 66 (34/32) | 3.2 g day (50:50 mixture of cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10 cis-12 CLA) or Placebo (soybean oil) | 8-week (20–27 years) [Healthy young men] | Maximal oxygen consumption (ml.kg.min) ↔ Time to exhaustion (min) ↔ Body weight ↔ Body mass index ↔ Waist circumference ↔ |
Kreider et al. (2002) | USA [25] | RCT (M) | 23 | CLA (6.2 g/d), (isomers were not identified) or Placebo (olive oil) | 4-week (23 years) [Resistance-trained subjects] | Fat mass ↔ Body fat percent ↔ Athletic performance (strength) ↔ |
Jenkins et al. (2014) | USA [99] | RCT (M) | 34 (18/16) | 5.63 g day of total CLA isomers (of which 2.67 g was cis 9, trans 11 and 2.67 g was trans 10, cis 12) or Placebo (sunflower oil) | 6-week (21.5 ± 2.8 years) [Untrained to moderately trained Healthy men] | V_O2peak (ml kg min) ↔ Respiratory compensation point (RCP) ↔ Serum cholesterol and triacylglycerol ↔ |
Terasawa et al. (2017) | Japan [98] | RCT (M) | 10 (crossover) | Net CLA (isomers were not identified) 0.9 g/day or Placebo | 2-week (Mean age not specified) [Healthy student athletes] | Body weight (increase in muscle mass) ↑ Body fat percentage ↓ Endurance performance ↑ Fatigue ↓ |
Pinkoski et al. (2004) | Canada [103] | RCT (M/F) | 85 (43/42) | CLA at dose of 5 g/day (contain all types of CLA isomers especially 36.1% c9,t11 and 36.3% trans 10, cis 12 isomers) | 7-week (18–45 years) [Resistance training subjects] | Athletic performance ↑ |