Associations of starchy and non-starchy vegetables with risk of metabolic syndrome: evidence from the NHANES 1999–2018

Table 3 Association between non-starchy vegetable consumption and MetS risk

	Category of non-starchy vegetable intake				P trend
	0 serving/day	< 2 servings/day	≥ 2 servings/day	Per SD increase	P trend
Total non-starchy vegetables (0-10791.56 g/day)
No. of participants	1064	1856	21,726
Model 1	Ref	0.95(0.76,1.20)	0.88(0.75,1.04)	1.01(0.97,1.05)	0.039
Model 2	Ref	0.88(0.70,1.12)	0.81(0.68,0.95)	1.03(0.98,1.07)	0.003
Model 3	Ref	0.92(0.72,1.18)	0.89(0.74,1.07)	1.03(0.98,1.08)	0.175
Dark-green vegetables (0-3819.19 g/day)
No. of participants	16,707	4023	3916
Model 1	Ref	0.85(0.77,0.94)	0.77(0.69,0.86)	0.93(0.89,0.97)	< 0.001
Model 2	Ref	0.77(0.69,0.86)	0.73(0.65,0.81)	0.92(0.88,0.97)	< 0.001
Model 3	Ref	0.89(0.79,1.00)	0.86(0.76,0.98)	0.93(0.90,0.97)	0.010
Red and orange vegetables (0-7105.43 g/day)
No. of participants	3127	4922	16,597
Model 1	Ref	0.89(0.78,1.02)	0.89(0.80,1.00)	1.03(0.98,1.08)	0.110
Model 2	Ref	0.90(0.78,1.04)	0.91(0.80,1.03)	1.05(1.00,1.10)	0.231
Model 3	Ref	0.98(0.83,1.16)	1.01(0.87, 1.17)	1.05(0.99,1.11)	0.088
Other non-starchy vegetables (0-8470.33 g/day)
No. of participants	2401	3942	18,303
Model 1	Ref	1.00(0.85,1.17)	0.97(0.85,1.10)	1.02(0.98,1.06)	0.485
Model 2	Ref	0.91(0.77,1.08)	0.87(0.76,0.99)	1.03(0.99,1.07)	0.028
Model 3	Ref	0.94(0.78,1.13)	0.93(0.80,1.08)	1.04(0.99,1.10)	0.409

Model 1: None
Model 2: Age gender, race
Model 3: Age, gender, race, marital status, PIR, BMI, education, smoking, alcohol status, physical activity, serum creatinine, uric acid, ALT, AST, energy, fruits, carbohydrate, whole grains, meat, nuts, and starchy vegetables. Of note, dark-green vegetables, red and orange vegetables, and other non-starchy vegetables were mutually adjusted

ISSN: 1743-7075