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Table 3 Multivariable adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) for metabolic syndrome across tertiles of carbohydrate, whole grains, refined grains and simple sugar: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study

From: Effect of weight change on the association between overall and source of carbohydrate intake and risk of metabolic syndrome: Tehran lipid and glucose study

 

Tertiles of intakes

   

Variable

T1

T2

T3

Ptrend

Q value

Continuous variable

P value

Total carbohydrate (% of calorie)

Median intake

44.4

53.1

60.2

  

Per 5% energy increment

Range of intake

≤ 47.5

47.6–56.9

≥ 57.0

  

Model 1

1

0.99 (0.80–1.21)

1.30 (1.07–1.57)

0.007

0.009

1.05 (1.01–1.10)

0.025

Model 2

1

1.03 (0.84–1.24)

1.26 (0.97–1.58)

0.043

0.051

1.04 (1.00-1.08)

0.047

Model 3

1

1.04 (0.86–1.26)

1.23 (0.88–1.47)

0.089

0.089

1.02 (0.97–1.06)

0.148

Whole grains (serving/day)

Median intake

2.0

4.0

7.4

  

Each 1 serving/day increment

Range of intake

≤ 3.0

3.1–5.3

≥ 5.4

  

Model 1

1

0.72 (0.60–0.88)

0.73 (0.60–0.89)

0.001

0.002

0.96 (0.93–0.99)

0.010

Model 2

1

0.79 (0.66–0.98)

0.78 (0.63–0.98)

0.004

0.006

0.97 (0.94–1.01)

0.071

Model 3

1

0.85 (0.73–1.08)

0.87 (0.71–1.09)

0.076

0.082

0.98 (0.95–1.02)

0.192

Refined grains (serving/day)

Median intake

2.9

6.7

9.9

  

Each 1 serving/day increment

Range of intake

≤ 5.4

5.5–8.3

≥ 8.4

  

Model 1

1

1.14 (0.92–1.40)

1.52 (1.24–1.85)

< 0.001

0.002

1.08 (1.06–1.10)

< 0.001

Model 2

1

1.15 (0.93–1.41)

1.73 (1.43–2.12)

< 0.001

0.002

1.07 (1.04–1.09)

< 0.001

Model 3

1

1.11 (0.91–1.37)

1.59 (1.31–1.93)

< 0.001

0.002

1.05 (1.03–1.08)

< 0.001

Simple sugar (% of calorie)

Median intake

6.4

13.7

16.7

  

Per 3% energy increment

Range of intake

≤ 12.8

12.9–15.8

≥ 15.9

  

Model 1

1

2.92 (2.30–3.71)

2.32 (2.62–4.21)

< 0.001

0.002

1.14 (1.11–1.16)

< 0.001

Model 2

1

2.84 (2.23–3.61)

3.20 (2.53–4.07)

< 0.001

0.002

1.12 (1.10–1.15)

< 0.001

Model 3

1

2.67 (2.00-3.39)

3.00 (2.37–3.82)

< 0.001

0.002

1.11 (1.09–1.14)

< 0.001

  1. Model 1 was crude
  2. Model 2 was adjusted for age, sex, smoking status, physical activity, total energy intake, dietary fat, dietary protein, healthy eating index score, family history of diabetes, and history of cardiovascular disease (all variable that adjusted was at baseline)
  3. Model 3 was additionally adjusted for weight change