Table 4 Multivariable adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) for weight change (< 3% vs. ≥ 3%) across tertiles of carbohydrate, whole grains, refined grains and simple sugar: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study

Variable

T1

T2

T3

P _trend

Q value

Continuous variable

P value

Total carbohydrate (% of calorie)

Median intake

44.4

53.1

60.2

Per 5% energy increment

Range of intake

≤ 47.5

47.6–56.9

≥ 57.0

Model 1

1

0.99 (0.80–1.21)

1.30 (1.07–1.57)

0.007

0.008

1.05 (1.01–1.10)

0.025

Model 2

1

1.11 (0.89–1.37)

1.24 (1.02–1.51)

0.025

0.025

1.03 (0.99–1.08)

0.061

Whole grains (serving/day)

Median intake

2.0

4.0

7.4

Each 1 serving/day increment

Range of intake

≤ 3.0

3.1–5.3

≥ 5.4

Model 1

1

0.64 (0.51–0.79)

0.49 (0.36–0.55)

< 0.001

0.002

0.96 (0.93–0.99)

0.010

Model 2

1

0.58 (0.48–0.70)

0.44 (0.34–0.48)

< 0.001

0.002

0.97 (0.94-1.00)

0.071

Refined grains (serving/day)

Median intake

2.9

6.7

9.9

Each 1 serving/day increment

Range of intake

≤ 5.4

5.5–8.3

≥ 8.4

Model 1

1

1.25 (1.06–1.51)

1.38 (1.14–1.68)

< 0.001

0.002

1.08 (1.06–1.10)

< 0.001

Model 2

1

1.19 (0.98–1.47)

1.32 (1.09–1.65)

0.006

0.008

1.07 (1.04–1.09)

< 0.001

Simple sugar (% of calorie)

Median intake

6.4

13.7

16.7

Per 3% energy increment

Range of intake

≤ 12.8

12.9–15.8

≥ 15.9

Model 1

1

2.92 (2.30–3.71)

3.32 (2.62–4.21)

< 0.001

0.002

1.14 (1.11–1.16)

< 0.001

Model 2

1

2.51 (1.96–3.21)

2.75 (2.15–3.53)

< 0.001

0.002

1.12 (1.10–1.15)

< 0.001