Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population according to the first randomization
All (n = 52) | MD (n = 27) | VD (n = 25) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics and anthropometrics | ||||
Age, years | 49.13 ± 12.40 | 48.11 ± 13.43 | 50.24 ± 11.37 | 0.542 |
Women, n (%) | 39 (75) | 20 (74.1) | 19 (76) | 0.873 |
Body weight, kg | 82.77 ± 17.21 | 82.14 ± 15.93 | 83.45 ± 18.80 | 0.787 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 29.88 ± 4.79 | 29.54 ± 4.07 | 30.25 ± 5.53 | 0.600 |
Fat mass, kg | 30.84 ± 11.67 | 30.01 ± 9.94 | 31.74 ± 13.44 | 0.598 |
Fat-free mass, kg | 51.93 ± 10.95 | 52.13 ± 11.44 | 51.71 ± 10.62 | 0.891 |
Dietary profile | ||||
Total energy, kcal/die | 2,161 ± 590 | 2,048 ± 574 | 2284 ± 594 | 0.117 |
Carbohydrate, % of energy | 46.68 ± 8.96 | 45.95 ± 9.91 | 47.46 ± 7.93 | 0.848 |
Protein, % of energy | 17.30 ± 4.51 | 18.01 ± 3.82 | 16.53 ± 5.12 | 0.085 |
Total fat, % of energy | 37.14 ± 7.11 | 37.28 ± 8.43 | 36.99 ± 5.52 | 0.927 |
Saturated fat, % of energy | 7.94 ± 3.00 | 8.22 ± 3.52 | 7.64 ± 2.35 | 0.721 |
Dietary cholesterol, mg/die | 204.73 ± 120.97 | 209.43 ± 142.68 | 199.65 ± 94.82 | 0.934 |
Dietary fiber, g/die | 31.86 ± 53.46 | 24.19 ± 24.40 | 40.15 ± 72.74 | 0.097 |
Risk factors | ||||
Current smokers, n (%) | 8 (15.4) | 6 (22.2) | 2 (8) | 0.156 |
Absent or light physical activity, n (%) | 43 (82.7) | 22 (81.5) | 21 (84) | 0.810 |
Triglycerides > 150 mg/dL, n (%) | 14 (26.9) | 6 (22.2) | 8 (32) | 0.427 |
Total cholesterol > 190 mg/dL, n (%) | 38 (73.1) | 19 (70.4) | 19 (76) | 0.647 |
LDL-cholesterol > 115 mg/dL, n (%) | 36 (69.2) | 19 (70.4) | 17 (68) | 0.853 |
Lipid profile | ||||
Triglycerides, mg/dL | 120.37 ± 64.31 | 111.85 ± 60.79 | 129.56 ± 67.94 | 0.326 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 211.73 ± 37.16 | 209.37 ± 39.96 | 214.28 ± 34.51 | 0.639 |
LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 130,00 ± 34.26 | 126.52 ± 34.95 | 133.8 ± 33.8 | 0.451 |
HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 57.65 ± 14.93 | 60.48 ± 15.97 | 54.60 ± 13.37 | 0.158 |
Inflammatory profile | ||||
IL-1ra, pg/mL | 27.34 ± 19.35 | 30.74 ± 20.23 | 23.67 ± 18.04 | 0.128 |
IL-4, pg/mL | 0.26 ± 0.33 | 0.21 ± 0.34 | 0.31 ± 0.33 | 0.268 |
IL-6, pg/mL | 1.55 ± 1.42 | 1.59 ± 1.41 | 1.51 ± 1.45 | 0.776 |
IL-8, pg/mL | 6.29 ± 5.72 | 5.92 ± 5.07 | 6.68 ± 6.43 | 0.847 |
IL-10, pg/mL | 5.68 ± 7.70 | 5.70 ± 8.04 | 5.66 ± 7.46 | 0.920 |
IL-12, pg/mL | 30.46 ± 20.06 | 32.83 ± 18.45 | 27.89 ± 21.75 | 0.170 |
IL-17, pg/mL | 10.23 ± 12.46 | 12.32 ± 15.43 | 7.97 ± 7.86 | 0.241 |
MCP-1, pg/mL | 38.41 ± 22.93 | 41.29 ± 23.15 | 35.31 ± 22.74 | 0.145 |
MIP-1β, pg/mL | 67.23 ± 31.92 | 64.87 ± 32.46 | 69.77 ± 31.78 | 0.527 |
VEGF, pg/mL | 79.94 ± 51.08 | 89.12 ± 49.00 | 70.02 ± 52.40 | 0.109 |
TNF-α, pg/mL | 5.37 ± 5.76 | 4.28 ± 3.96 | 6.55 ± 7.12 | 0.374 |
IP-10, pg/mL | 629.67 ± 549.71 | 576.57 ± 368.58 | 687.01 ± 698.83 | 0.963 |
IFN-γ, pg/mL | 7.39 ± 10.87 | 4.41 ± 5.15 | 10.61 ± 14.20 | 0.166 |
Apolipoproteins | ||||
ApoA-I, mg/dL | 166.52 ± 53.20 | 172.78 ± 54.96 | 159.77 ± 51.48 | 0.384 |
ApoB, mg/dL | 78.98 ± 17.09 | 75.54 ± 15.48 | 82.69 ± 18.25 | 0.133 |
ApoB/ApoA-I | 0.52 ± 0.18 | 0.48 ± 0.17 | 0.56 ± 0.19 | 0.106 |
ApoC-I, mg/dL | 29.14 ± 17.13 | 32.91 ± 19.39 | 25.07 ± 13.53 | 0.100 |
ApoC-III, mg/dL | 6.45 ± 2.43 | 6.62 ± 2.81 | 6.25 ± 1.97 | 0.586 |
ApoD, μg/dL | 60.28 ± 25.93 | 64.12 ± 30.33 | 56.13 ± 19.92 | 0.271 |
ApoE, mg/dL | 2.77 ± 1.51 | 2.83 ± 1.52 | 2.71 ± 1.52 | 0.785 |