Fig. 3

Coenzyme Q₁₀ reversed the HFD-downregulated mitochondrial biogenesis regulators in aortic PVAT. A The ATP content, representative gel and densitometric analyses of B PGC-1α and C TFAM as well as D mtDNA copy number in the aortic PVAT of the ND, HFD, and HFD + Q groups at the age of 20 weeks. Values are the mean ± SEM, n = 14 for each group. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 versus the ND group, and ^#P < 0.05 versus the HFD group in the post hoc Tukey’s multiple range test. ND: normal diet, HFD: high fructose diet, HFD + Q: HFD with coenzyme Q₁₀. β-actin was used as the internal control for Western blot analyses. PGC-1α: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1 α, TFAM: mitochondrial transcription factor A, mtDNA: mitochondrial DNA, 18S ribosomal RNA (18S) as the internal control of QPCR