Table 2 Mean (± SD) values of glucose, insulin, lipid profile, body composition, and VO_2peak in the four study groups

Body height (cm)

175.7 ± 4.2

-

171.3 ± 4.2

-

173.3 ± 8.2

-

175.2 ± 6.5

-

Body mass (kg)

101.2 ± 5.3

102.0 ± 2.5

97.8 ± 4.7

97.05 ± 2.45

99.5 ± 10.1

96.2 ± 2.4

101.5 ± 7.9

96.9 ± 1.9 ^&

BMI (kg/m²)

32.8 ± 1.2

33.1 ± 1.4

33.3 ± 0.6

33.13 ± 1.99

33.0 ± 0.8

32.2 ± 2.7

33.0 ± 1.0

31.7 ± 2.2

FFM (kg)

26.4 ± 2.8

25.7 ± 2.8

26.2 ± 2.2

27.86 ± 1.18

26.5 ± 1.8

28.2 ± 2.4

26.4 ± 2.1

29.2 ± 2.3 ^&,*,#

FAT (kg)

31.1 ± 1.5

31.8 ± 2.1

31.1 ± 1.6

29.08 ± 0.80 ^&,*

31.4 ± 1.5

27.9 ± 0.9 ^{&, *}

32.1 ± 1.4

27.6 ± 1.2 ^&,*,#

VO_2peak

(mL⋅kg^− 1⋅min^− 1)

26.6 ± 1.8

25.7 ± 1.7

26.7 ± 1.4

27.92 ± 2.32 ^&,*

26.4 ± 1.3

29.9 ± 2.1^{&, *}

26.5 ± 1.8

30.4 ± 1.9 ^&,*,#

Glucose (mg/dl)

96.4 ± 13.1

98.0 ± 9.4

98.9 ± 10.7

84.77 ± 4.50 ^&,*

99.3 ± 5.7

74.1 ± 5.44 ^&,*

101.6 ± 7.1

71.5 ± 7.7 ^&,*,#

Insulin (ng/ml)

18.8 ± 0.7

19.1 ± 0.6

18.8 ± 0.8

17.60 ± 0.52 ^&,*

18.8 ± 0.4

15.8 ± 1.1 ^&,*

19.1 ± 0.5

15.3 ± 0.8 ^&,*,#

HOMA -IR

4.5 ± 0.7

4.6 ± 0.5

4.6 ± 0.5

3.69 ± 0.25 ^&,*

4.6 ± 0.3

2.9 ± 0.^{3 &,*}

4.8 ± 0.4

2.7 ± 0.3 ^&,*,#