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Table 3 Associations between Ultra-Processed Food Intake and CVD Incidents

From: Higher ultra-processed food intake is associated with an increased incidence risk of cardiovascular disease: the Tehran lipid and glucose study

Cox models

Continuous$

Tertiles of UPF intake

T1 (n = 683)

T2 (n = 684)

T3 (n = 683)

Crude

1.22 (1.05–1.41)*

1.00 (ref.)

1.07 (0.76–1.49)

1.65 (1.18–2.31)**

Model1

1.20 (1.04–1.40)*

1.00 (ref.)

1.06 (0.76–1.49)

1.62 (1.16–2.26)**

Model2

1.23 (1.05–1.44)**

1.00 (ref.)

1.13 (0.79–1.61)

1.69 (1.19–2.41)**

Model3

1.22 (1.03–1.45)*

1.00 (ref.)

1.13 (0.79–1.63)

1.68 (1.14–2.48)**

  1. Cox regression models were used. Model 1: Adjusted for CVD-risk score; Model 2: Additionally adjusted for physical activity; Model 3: additionally adjusted for total energy intakes (kcal/d), and dietary intakes of fiber (g/d)
  2. $Intakes of UPF based on each 50 g/day
  3. *Statistical significance at p < 0.05, **statistical significance at p < 0.01
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Nutrition & Metabolism

ISSN: 1743-7075

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