Table 1 Clinical characteristics of study participants at fasting

Age (yrs)

38.2 ± 10.3

42.5 ± 9.4

ns

Sex (M/F)

18/16

16/21

ns

Duration of diabetes (yrs)

-

26 ± 13

-

BMI (kg/m ² )

25.2 ± 4.2

26.1 ± 3.6

ns

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

129 ± 14

133 ± 17

ns

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

77 ± 10

77 ± 8

ns

HbA _1c (%) (mmol/mol)

5.3 ± 0.3 (34 ± 3.3)

8.0 ± 1.3 (64 ± 14.2)

<0.001

eGFR (ml/min/1.72 m ² )

102 (93–110)

101 (94–114)

ns

AER (mg/24 h)

3.4 (2.4–5.2)

7.0 (3.8–13.4)

0.001

Blood glucose (mmol/l)

4.9 ± 0.6

8.7 ± 3.4

<0.001

Cholesterol (mmol/l)

4.7 ± 0.7

4.6 ± 0.7

ns

Triglycerides (mmol/l)

1.0 ± 0.3

0.9 ± 0.5

ns

HDL-chol (mmol/l)

1.3 (1.1–1.7)

1.6 (1.3–1.8)

ns

LDL-chol (mmol/l)

2.8 ± 0.7

2.6 ± 0.7

ns

ApoB-100 (mg/dL)

83 (73–93)

72 (66–87)

ns

ApoA1 (mg/dL)

138 (123–158)

153 (132–162)

ns

ApoB-48 (mg/dL)

3.8 (2.7–5.4)

5.0 (3.7–8.8)

0.014

High-sensitive CRP (mg/l)

1.0 (0.2–2.7)

1.5 (0.3–5.4)

ns

Interleukine-6 (pg/ml)

1.2 (0.8–2.0)

1.5 (0.5–3.5)

ns

LPS (EU/ml)

0.82 (0.57–1.43)

0.90 (0.52–1.24)

ns