Bioavailability of tocotrienols: evidence in human studies

Nutrition & Metabolism

Table 1 Summary of available tocotrienol formulations including source, delivery systems, excipients and composition of tocorienol homologues

Tocotrienol formulations	Source	Dosage form	Delivery system	Excipients and vehicles	Composition of tocotrienol homologues (% w/w) *	Reference
Palm Vitee	Palm	Capsule	Oil suspension	Palm olein	α: 12-15%, γ: 35-40%, δ: 25-30%	[37, 38, 42, 45–47]
Tocovid Suprabio®	Palm	Capsule	Self-emulsifying drug delivery system	Tween 80, Labrasol, Palm olein/Soybean oil	α: 23.5%, γ: 43.2%, δ: 9.8%	[22, 26, 28, 40, 44, 48]
Tocomin® 50%	Palm	Emulsion	Self-emulsifying drug delivery system	Tween 80, Labrasol, Soybean Oil	α: 10.7%, γ: 21.6%, δ: 6.4%	[32]
Tri® E	Palm	Capsule	Oil suspension	Palm superolein	74% of mixed homologues**	[49–51]
Tocotrienol-rich fractions (TRF)	Palm	Capsule	Oil suspension	Vegetable oils	α: 34.6%, γ: 24.6%, δ: 15.0%,	[39]
					α: 29.3%, β: 3.0%, γ: 28.1%, δ: 8.2%	[21]
					α: 29..8%, β: 2.9%, γ: 27.0%, δ: 8.6%	[23]
					66.7% of mixed homologues**	[43]
	Rice Bran	Capsule	Oil suspension	Vegetable oils	α: 14.6%, β: 2.2%, γ: 38.8%, δ: 29.9%	[36]
					TRF25 containing α: 15.5%, β: 1.6%, γ: 39.4%, δ: 5.2%, desmethyl and didesmethyl: 20.9%	[41, 52, 53]
					Various compositionally different tocotrienols supplements	[54]
Individual tocotrienol homologues	Palm	Capsule	Oil suspension	Olive oil	30 mg of γδ-tocotrienols**	[55]
Individual tocotrienol homologues	Palm	Capsule	Oil suspension	Medium-chain triglyceride	α, γ and δ-tocotrienyl acetate	[56]

*% w/w of tocotrienol homologues calculated based on g / 100 g of total vitamin E content.
**Composition of individual tocotrienol homologue not specified.

ISSN: 1743-7075