The effect of a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-glycemic index diet on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Table 4 Effect of diet programs on metabolic syndrome parameters and fasting lipid profiles

	Low glycemic, reduced-calorie diet group (n = 29)			Low carbohydrate, ketogenic diet group (n = 21)
Test	Week 0	Week 24	Week 0 to 24	Week 0	Week 24	Week 0 to 24
	mean ± sd	mean ± sd	mean change	mean ± sd	mean ± sd	mean change
Fasting glucose, mg/dL	166.8 ± 63.7	150.8 ± 47.4	-16.0 *	178.1 ± 72.9	158.2 ± 50.0	-19.9*
Waist circumference, inches	47.0 ± 5.1	42.4 ± 5.5	-4.6 *	47.1 ± 5.5	41.8 ± 5.3	-5.3 *
Triglycerides, mg/dL	167.1 ± 125.7	147.8 ± 128.5	-19.3	210.4 ± 10.3	142.9 ± 76.9	-67.5 *
HDL cholesterol, mg/dL	48.7 ± 11.8	48.7 ± 10.1	-0 ^†	44.0 ± 8.7	49.6 ± 11.7	+5.6 * ^†
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg	140.8 ± 15.7	130.1 ± 17.1	-10.7 *	144.4 ± 15.0	127.8 ± 13.4	-16.6 *
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg	84.1 ± 11.0	78.5 ± 8.7	-5.6 *	83.9 ± 10.3	75.8 ± 10.9	-8.1 *
Body mass index, kg/m²	37.9 ± 6.0	35.2 ± 6.1	-2.7 * ^†	37.8 ± 6.7	33.9 ± 5.8	-3.9 * ^†
Total cholesterol, mg/dL	190.6 ± 43.8	184.8 ± 45.6	-5.8	191.4 ± 32.0	187.0 ± 35.8	-4.4
LDL cholesterol, mg/dL	113.8 ± 40.9	111.0 ± 42.2	-2.8	105.8 ± 25.7	107.1 ± 26.3	+1.3
VLDL cholesterol, mg/dL	27.7 ± 13.2	24.4 ± 12.3	-3.3*	37.3 ± 14.9	27.3 ± 15.2	-10.0*
Total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio	4.1 ± 1.3	3.9 ± 1.2	-0.2	4.5 ± 1.1	4.1 ± 4.1	-0.4
Triglyceride/HDL cholesterol ratio	3.9 ± 3.7	3.3 ± 3.1	-0.6	5.2 ± 3.4	3.4 ± 3.0	-1.8*

These changes were observed with a reduction or elimination of diabetic medication as shown in Table 3.
HDL = high-density lipoprotein; LDL = low-density lipoprotein; VLDL = very-low-density lipoprotein
* p < 0.05 for within-group change from Baseline to Week 24.
^† p < 0.05, for between-groups comparison of changes from Baseline to Week 24.
P values with adjustment for baseline values: fasting glucose: 0.76, waist circumference: 0.43, triglycerides: 0.17, HDL: 0.09, systolic blood pressure: 0.89, diastolic blood pressure: 0.48, body mass index: 0.10, total cholesterol: 0.85, LDL: 0.79, VLDL: 0.24, total cholesterol/HDL ratio: 0.92, triglyceride/HDL ratio: 0.54.