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Table 4 Effect of diet programs on metabolic syndrome parameters and fasting lipid profiles

From: The effect of a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-glycemic index diet on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus

 

Low glycemic, reduced-calorie diet group (n = 29)

Low carbohydrate, ketogenic diet group (n = 21)

Test

Week 0

Week 24

Week 0 to 24

Week 0

Week 24

Week 0 to 24

 

mean ± sd

mean ± sd

mean change

mean ± sd

mean ± sd

mean change

Fasting glucose, mg/dL

166.8 ± 63.7

150.8 ± 47.4

-16.0 *

178.1 ± 72.9

158.2 ± 50.0

-19.9*

Waist circumference, inches

47.0 ± 5.1

42.4 ± 5.5

-4.6 *

47.1 ± 5.5

41.8 ± 5.3

-5.3 *

Triglycerides, mg/dL

167.1 ± 125.7

147.8 ± 128.5

-19.3

210.4 ± 10.3

142.9 ± 76.9

-67.5 *

HDL cholesterol, mg/dL

48.7 ± 11.8

48.7 ± 10.1

-0 †

44.0 ± 8.7

49.6 ± 11.7

+5.6 * †

Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

140.8 ± 15.7

130.1 ± 17.1

-10.7 *

144.4 ± 15.0

127.8 ± 13.4

-16.6 *

Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg

84.1 ± 11.0

78.5 ± 8.7

-5.6 *

83.9 ± 10.3

75.8 ± 10.9

-8.1 *

Body mass index, kg/m2

37.9 ± 6.0

35.2 ± 6.1

-2.7 * †

37.8 ± 6.7

33.9 ± 5.8

-3.9 * †

Total cholesterol, mg/dL

190.6 ± 43.8

184.8 ± 45.6

-5.8

191.4 ± 32.0

187.0 ± 35.8

-4.4

LDL cholesterol, mg/dL

113.8 ± 40.9

111.0 ± 42.2

-2.8

105.8 ± 25.7

107.1 ± 26.3

+1.3

VLDL cholesterol, mg/dL

27.7 ± 13.2

24.4 ± 12.3

-3.3*

37.3 ± 14.9

27.3 ± 15.2

-10.0*

Total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio

4.1 ± 1.3

3.9 ± 1.2

-0.2

4.5 ± 1.1

4.1 ± 4.1

-0.4

Triglyceride/HDL cholesterol ratio

3.9 ± 3.7

3.3 ± 3.1

-0.6

5.2 ± 3.4

3.4 ± 3.0

-1.8*

  1. These changes were observed with a reduction or elimination of diabetic medication as shown in Table 3.
  2. HDL = high-density lipoprotein; LDL = low-density lipoprotein; VLDL = very-low-density lipoprotein
  3. * p < 0.05 for within-group change from Baseline to Week 24.
  4. † p < 0.05, for between-groups comparison of changes from Baseline to Week 24.
  5. P values with adjustment for baseline values: fasting glucose: 0.76, waist circumference: 0.43, triglycerides: 0.17, HDL: 0.09, systolic blood pressure: 0.89, diastolic blood pressure: 0.48, body mass index: 0.10, total cholesterol: 0.85, LDL: 0.79, VLDL: 0.24, total cholesterol/HDL ratio: 0.92, triglyceride/HDL ratio: 0.54.