Table 1 Baseline anthropometric, dietary analysis, body composition and biochemical parameters for the high energy, high carbohydrate diet + exercise (HED; 2,600: 55:15:30), no diet + exercise (ND), very low carbohydrate, high protein diet + exercise (VLCHP: 1,200; 63:7:30), low carbohydrate, moderate protein diet + exercise (LCMP: 1,200; 50:20:30), high carbohydrate, low protein diet + exercise (HCLP: 1,200; 55:15:30) and no diet + no exercise control (CON).
Demographics | Grand Mean | HED | ND | VLCHP | LCMP | HCLP | CON | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 38 ± 9 | 35 ± 10 | 37 ± 10 | 39 ± 7 | 38 ± 9 | 41 ± 8 | 32 ± 10 | 0.10 |
Height (cm) | 164 ± 7 | 164 ± 6 | 163 ± 8 | 165 ± 6 | 165 ± 7 | 163 ± 7 | 163 ± 6 | 0.65 |
Weight (kg) | 94 ± 19 | 93 ± 13 | 81 ± 13d | 108 ± 19 | 92 ± 18d | 87 ± 13d | 89 ± 18 | <0.001 |
Body mass index | 35 ± 6 | 34 ± 4 | 31 ± 4d | 39 ± 7 | 34 ± 6d | 33 ± 4d | 34 ± 6 | <0.001 |
(kg·m-2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Waist (cm) | 101 ± 13 | 104 ± 7 | 93 ± 12d | 108 ± 14 | 101 ± 13 | 96 ± 11d | 95 ± 13 | <0.001 |
DXA fat-free mass (kg) | 49 ± 8 | 49 ± 7 | 43 ± 7d | 54 ± 7 | 48 ± 8d | 45 ± 6d | 48 ± 6 | <0.001 |
DXA fat mass (kg) | 39 ± 11 | 37 ± 7 | 32 ± 7d | 46 ± 12 | 37 ± 10d | 35 ± 8d | 38 ± 9 | <0.001 |
REE (kcals·d-1) | 1730 ± 300 | 1331 ± 193 | 1595 ± 228d, f | 1955 ± 278f | 1705 ± 249d, f | 1645 ± 222d, f | 1753 ± 274f | <0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 125 ± 13 | 127 ± 20 | 119 ± 10 | 129 ± 15 | 124 ± 9 | 126 ± 10 | 121 ± 14 | 0.10 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 83 ± 8 | 86 ± 14 | 79 ± 7 | 84 ± 8 | 83 ± 8 | 84 ± 7 | 79 ± 7 | 0.13 |
VO2 (ml/kg/min) | 21 ± 5 | 22 ± 3 | 24 ± 5 | 19 ± 6 | 22 ± 5 | 22 ± 4 | 23 ± 5 | <0.001 |
Biochemical parameters | Grand Mean | HED | ND | VLCHP | LCMP | HCLP | CON | P-value |
Total cholesterol | 5.0 ± 0.9 | 4.9 ± 0.8 | 5.1 ± 0.9 | 4.9 ± 0.7 | 5.0 ± 0.9 | 5.1 ± 1.1 | 5.3 ± 1.1 | 0.87 |
(mmol·L-1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
HDL cholesterol | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 1.4 ± 0.2 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 0.36 |
(mmol·L-1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
LDL cholesterol | 3.0 ± 0.8 | 3.1 ± 0.7 | 3.1 ± 0.8 | 3.0 ± 0.6 | 2.8 ± 0.8 | 3.0 ± 1.0 | 3.3 ± 0.9 | 0.62 |
(mmol·L-1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Triglycerides | 1.5 ± 0.9 | 1.0 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.5 | 1.6 ± 1.1 | 1.5 ± 0.9 | 1.5 ± 0.7 | 1.6 ± 0.8 | 0.50 |
(mmol·L-1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Glucose | 5.3 ± 0.7 | 5.1 ± 0.5 | 5.0 ± 0.3 | 5.3 ± 0.7 | 5.3 ± 0.9 | 5.3 ± 0.5 | 5.2 ± 0.7 | 0.57 |
(mmol·L-1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Insulin | 4.9 ± 4.0 | 3.3 ± 1.6 | 4.3 ± 2.3 | 6.0 ± 3.9 | 5.9 ± 6.0 | 3.8 ± 2.4 | 3.7 ± 2.0 | <0.05 |
(pmol·L-1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
HOMA-IR | 1.15 ± 1.0 | 0.75 ± 0.4 | 0.95 ± 0.5 | 1.43 ± 1.0 | 1.40 ± 1.4 | 0.89 ± 0.6 | 0.89 ± 0.6 | <0.05 |
Leptin | 103 ± 48 | 98 ± 39 | 94 ± 35 | 107 ± 37 | 113 ± 67 | 99 ± 48 | 84 ± 39 | 0.56 |
(pgm·L-1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dietary Intake | Grand Mean | HED | ND | VLCHP | LCMP | HCLP | CON | P-value |
Caloric intake (kcal/kg/day) | 22.4 ± 6.9 | 23.7 ± 4.2 | 21.2 ± 6.6 | 20.5 ± 7.5 | 23.3 ± 7.5 | 23.6 ± 6.0 | --- | 0.29 |
Carbohydrate (g/kg/day) | 2.8 ± 1.1 | 3.0 ± 0.8 | 2.7 ± 0.8 | 2.4 ± 1.4 | 2.8 ± 1.1 | 3.1 ± 1.0 | --- | 0.19 |
Protein (g/kg/day) | 0.88 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.4 | 0.9 ± 0.5 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | --- | 0.76 |
Fat (g/kg/day) | 0.89 ± 0.3 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 0.9 ± 0.4 | 0.9 ± 0.4 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | --- | 0.90 |