Table 2 Important biological effects of CLA in human subjects.

CLA with creatine

CLA and creatine as adjuncts increased mictochondrial function by reducing sarcopenia and decreased oxidative stress in older adults

[116]

CLA with ω-3 fatty acids

prevents increased abdominal fat and increases fat-free mass and adiponectin.

[28]

9-CLA

No adverse effect on coronary vascular disease

[126]

9-CLA

Modest anti-inflammatroy effect in allegic subjects

[32]

CLA with γ-oryzanol

Reduced blood pressure and body fat.

[127]

9-and 10-CLA

Enhanced fat oxidation and energy expenditure during sleep

[50]

10-CLA

Anti-lipogenic effect in lactating women's mammary tissue

[128]

CLA

Reduce weight gain induced by psychotropic medication

[129]

CLA

Favourable effect on serum insulin, but no effect on body composition, energy expenditure of apetite.

[101]

CLA

Increased resting metabolic rate, PPAR-γ and hormone-sensitive lipase

[68]

CLA

No effect on glucose metabolism or insulin sensitivity on obese population.

[41]

Trans fatty acids (t-11/t-12, 18:1)

Gender-based gene expression

[59]

CLA

Inhibition on leptin, adiponection - contribute to insulin resistance

[26]

CLA and Calcium

Reduces pregnancy-induced hypertension and decreases the intracellular concentration of ionised free calcium in peripheral blood lymphocytes.

[130]

CLA

Do not beneficially change risk factors for cardiovascular disease or diabetes

[94]

CLA and Vaccenic acid

No effect on blood pressure or arterial elasticity in healthy young men.

[131]

CLA

Affect lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and reduced body weight

[27]

CLA and other PUFA

Possible role in preventing renal carcinoma

[132]

CLA

Reduce colorectal carcinoma

[133]

CLA

Enhanced immunological function

[102, 113]

CLA

Enhanced C-reactive protein

[43]

CLA

Suppresses rheumatoid arthritis

[109]

CLA

Lipid peroxidation

[124]

CLA

Not good to treat metabolic syndrome

[134]

CLA

Not associated with breast cancer

[76]

10-CLA

Induces hyperproinsulinaemia, which predicts diabetes and cardiovascular disease

[124]

CLA

Ptotective effect on the risk of metastasis in breast cancer

[75]

10-CLA

Increases oxidative stress and inflammatroy biomarkers in obese men

[135]

CLA

Positive impact on cardioprotective effect.

[89]

CLA

Modulation of risk factor associated with atherosclerosis

[125]