Table 1 Physical and metabolic features of experimental groups.

Femur length (mm)

37.5 ± 0.5*

33.7 ± 0.6

32.8 ± 0.3

32.6 ± 0.4

Tibia length (mm)

42.9 ± 0.3*

40.9 ± 0.2

40.3 ± 0.2

40.8 ± 0.4

Kidney weight (g)

3.44 ± 0.16*

4.74 ± 0.22

4.44 ± 0.2

5.28 ± 0.3

Kidney to body weight (mg/g)

7.04 ± 0.34

6.33 ± 0.21

6.10 ± 0.39

6.92 ± 0.39

Plasma glucose (mg/dl)

130.8 ± 5.0*

165.0 ± 8.9

175.0 ± 7.1

176.5 ± 5.5

Plasma insulin (μU/ml)

21.4 ± 1.5*

84.2 ± 4.6

73.3 ± 6.6

80.0 ± 9.9

HOMA index

8.1 ± 1.2*

33.8 ± 2.9

31.8 ± 3.3

34.2 ± 3.9

HgA1c (%)

4.6 ± 0.1

4.9 ± 0.1

4.6 ± 0.2

4.9 ± 0.1

Water intake (ml/day)

32.6 ± 0.7

38.7 ± 2.2

44.7 ± 3.8#

47.0 ± 3.1#

Food intake (g/day)

25.4 ± 1.3

29.7 ± 1.4

28.7 ± 2.9

31.2 ± 1.4

Urine excretion (ml/day)

17.6 ± 1.1

23.3 ± 2.1

28.4 ± 3.3#

28.3 ± 3.0#

Urine excretion to fluid intake ratio (%)

54.4 ± 3.0

62.0 ± 3.9

62.9 ± 3.4

59.6 ± 4.2

Urine Osmolality (mOsmol/kg)

1615 ± 72

1655 ± 96

1372 ± 128

1474 ± 102

Sodium excretion (μEq/g food/day)

78.3 ± 5.8

104 ± 10.8#

82.3 ± 4.4

97.1 ± 6.4

Potassium excretion (μEq/g food/day)

231 ± 16

315 ± 57.5

242 ± 13

227 ± 18.6

Creatinine clearance (ml/min)

0.66 ± 0.12

0.60 ± 0.06

0.72 ± 0.09

0.69 ± 0.08

Albumin excretion (mg/day)

41.4 ± 5.4*

70.4 ± 7.2

69.2 ± 7.4

61.6 ± 7.8