Table 5 Vitamins: The average levels of vitamins measured in the Autism and Neurotypical groups are reported below, along with their standard deviations
| Vitamins | Units | Autism Group | Neuro-typical Group | % Difference | p-value | Neurotypical Reference Range (10th and 90th percentiles) | Autism Group % below RR | Autism Group % above RR | Tietz Reference Range[39] | NHANES1999-2002 Reference Range (6-11 yr and 12-19 yr)[38] | Sonora Quest |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vit. A (plasma) | μg/100 ml |
54.3 +/- 10.7 |
54.9 +/- 12 | n.s. | 39-71 | 0% | 9% |
26-61 (7-19 yr) |
26.0-51.2 30.8-70.6 (in serum) |
26-49 (7-12 yr, in serum) | |
|
Total Carotenes (beta carotene and other carotenes, in plasma) | μg/100 ml |
150
+/- 55 |
178
+/-53 | -16% | 0.01 | 111-251 | 29% | 8% | |||
|
Vit B1 Thiamine (WB) | μg/l |
64 +/- 10 |
63 +/-9 | n.s. | 48-72 | 11% | 20% |
56 +/- 12 (children and young adults)a |
87-280 nmol.L (adult) | ||
|
Vit B2 Riboflavin (WB) | μg/l |
284 +/- 42 |
282 +/-52 | n.s. | 224-332 | 4% | 15% | ||||
|
Vit B3 Niacin and Niacinamide (WB) | μg/l |
7.00 +/- 1.1 |
7.07 +/-0.97 | n.s. | 5.9-8.2 | 16% | 15% | ||||
|
Vit B5 Pantothenic Acid (WB) | μg/l |
640
+/- 128 |
714
+/-180 | -11% | 0.02 | 504-965 | 11% | 0% |
200-1800 (adult) | ||
| Vit B6 (as P5P in RBC) | μg/l |
17.9 +/- 16 |
15.2 +/-5.3 | n.s. | 8-21 | 13% | 20% | ||||
| Folic Acid (serum) | μg/l |
17.7 +/- 7.2 |
18.7 +/-6.1 | n.s. | 12-28 | 20% | 7% |
3-20 (adult) |
9.9-33.2 6.0-24.7 | 3.1-17.5 (adult) | |
|
Vit B12 (plasma) | ng/l |
699 +/- 235 |
676 +/-215 | n.s. | 327-938 | 4% | 18% |
200-835 (adult) |
369-1260 267-941 (in serum) |
243-394 (adult, in serum) | |
|
Vit C (plasma) | mg/100 ml |
1.57
+/- 0.61 |
1.33
+/-0.46 | +18% | 0.03 | 0.75-1.85 | 13% | 29% |
0.4-1.5 (adult) |
0.2-1.7 (12-19 yr, in serum)b |
0.2-1.9 (adult) |
|
Vit D3 (25-hydroxy in plasma) | μg/l |
29.9 +/-8.4 |
28.6 +/-8.4 | n.s. | 19-44 | 9% | 7% |
14-60 (adult) |
17-35 13-35 | 30-100 | |
| Total Vit E (serum) | mg/100 ml |
0.78
+/- 0.18 |
0.90
+/-0.32 | -14% | 0.03 | 0.6-1.4 | 9% | 0% |
0.45-0.95 (1-19 yr) |
0.55-1.13 0.53-1.14 | |
| Biotin (WB) | ng/l |
394
+/-100 |
491
+/-164 | -20% | 0.001 * | 257-709 | 7% | 0% |
200-500 (adult) | ||
| Vit K (plasma) | ng/l |
294 +/- 158 |
295 +/- 189 | n.s. | 129-530 | 9% | 7% |
130-1190 (adult) |
80-1160 (adult) | ||
| Vitamin-like substances | |||||||||||
|
Free Choline (RBC) | mg/l |
6.3 +/- 2.9 |
5.6 +/- 1.7 | n.s. | 4.0-7.6 | 22% | 35% | ||||
|
Total Choline (RBC) | mg/l |
363
+/- 66 |
310
+/- 51 | +17% | < 0.0001 * | 260-362 | 5% | 53% | |||
|
Lipoic Acid (plasma) | μg/l |
2.56 +/- 1.5 |
2.85 +/- 1.2 | n.s. | 1.2-4.5 | 5% | 16% | ||||
| Biomarkers of functional need for vitamins | |||||||||||
| FIGLU | μg/l |
1.99
+/- 0.92 |
1.62
+/- 0.72 | +23 % | 0.03 | 0.65-2.6 | 5% | 27% | |||
| Methylmalonic Acid | mg/g-creatinine |
9.0 +/- 7.3 |
7.5 +/- 5.0 | n.s. | 1.6-13.7 | 2% | 13% | ||||
| N-methyl-nicotinamide | mg/g-creatinine |
5.0
+/- 4.4 |
3.6
+/- 2.3 | +40% | 0.04 | 1.2-7.1 | 13% | 17% | |||
| Kryptopyroles | μg/dl |
39.3 +/- 30. |
35.8 +/- 15 | n.s. | 14-56 | 13% | 11% |