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Table 5 Vitamins: The average levels of vitamins measured in the Autism and Neurotypical groups are reported below, along with their standard deviations

From: Nutritional and metabolic status of children with autism vs. neurotypical children, and the association with autism severity

Vitamins

Units

Autism Group

Neuro-typical Group

% Difference

p-value

Neurotypical Reference Range (10th and 90th percentiles)

Autism Group % below RR

Autism Group % above RR

Tietz Reference Range[39]

NHANES1999-2002 Reference Range (6-11 yr and 12-19 yr)[38]

Sonora Quest

Vit. A (plasma)

μg/100 ml

54.3

+/- 10.7

54.9

+/- 12

 

n.s.

39-71

0%

9%

26-61

(7-19 yr)

26.0-51.2

30.8-70.6

(in serum)

26-49

(7-12 yr, in serum)

Total Carotenes

(beta carotene and other carotenes, in plasma)

μg/100 ml

150

+/- 55

178

+/-53

-16%

0.01

111-251

29%

8%

   

Vit B1

Thiamine

(WB)

μg/l

64

+/- 10

63

+/-9

 

n.s.

48-72

11%

20%

56 +/- 12

(children and young adults)a

 

87-280 nmol.L

(adult)

Vit B2

Riboflavin

(WB)

μg/l

284

+/- 42

282

+/-52

 

n.s.

224-332

4%

15%

   

Vit B3

Niacin and Niacinamide

(WB)

μg/l

7.00

+/- 1.1

7.07

+/-0.97

 

n.s.

5.9-8.2

16%

15%

   

Vit B5

Pantothenic Acid

(WB)

μg/l

640

+/- 128

714

+/-180

-11%

0.02

504-965

11%

0%

200-1800

(adult)

  

Vit B6 (as P5P in RBC)

μg/l

17.9

+/- 16

15.2

+/-5.3

 

n.s.

8-21

13%

20%

   

Folic Acid (serum)

μg/l

17.7

+/- 7.2

18.7

+/-6.1

 

n.s.

12-28

20%

7%

3-20

(adult)

9.9-33.2

6.0-24.7

3.1-17.5 (adult)

Vit B12

(plasma)

ng/l

699

+/- 235

676

+/-215

 

n.s.

327-938

4%

18%

200-835

(adult)

369-1260

267-941

(in serum)

243-394

(adult, in serum)

Vit C

(plasma)

mg/100 ml

1.57

+/- 0.61

1.33

+/-0.46

+18%

0.03

0.75-1.85

13%

29%

0.4-1.5

(adult)

0.2-1.7

(12-19 yr, in serum)b

0.2-1.9

(adult)

Vit D3

(25-hydroxy in plasma)

μg/l

29.9

+/-8.4

28.6

+/-8.4

 

n.s.

19-44

9%

7%

14-60

(adult)

17-35

13-35

30-100

Total Vit E (serum)

mg/100 ml

0.78

+/- 0.18

0.90

+/-0.32

-14%

0.03

0.6-1.4

9%

0%

0.45-0.95

(1-19 yr)

0.55-1.13

0.53-1.14

 

Biotin (WB)

ng/l

394

+/-100

491

+/-164

-20%

0.001 *

257-709

7%

0%

200-500

(adult)

  

Vit K (plasma)

ng/l

294

+/- 158

295

+/- 189

 

n.s.

129-530

9%

7%

130-1190

(adult)

 

80-1160

(adult)

Vitamin-like substances

           

Free Choline

(RBC)

mg/l

6.3

+/- 2.9

5.6

+/- 1.7

 

n.s.

4.0-7.6

22%

35%

   

Total Choline

(RBC)

mg/l

363

+/- 66

310

+/- 51

+17%

< 0.0001 *

260-362

5%

53%

   

Lipoic Acid

(plasma)

μg/l

2.56

+/- 1.5

2.85

+/- 1.2

 

n.s.

1.2-4.5

5%

16%

   

Biomarkers of functional need for vitamins

           

FIGLU

μg/l

1.99

+/- 0.92

1.62

+/- 0.72

+23 %

0.03

0.65-2.6

5%

27%

   

Methylmalonic Acid

mg/g-creatinine

9.0

+/- 7.3

7.5

+/- 5.0

 

n.s.

1.6-13.7

2%

13%

   

N-methyl-nicotinamide

mg/g-creatinine

5.0

+/- 4.4

3.6

+/- 2.3

+40%

0.04

1.2-7.1

13%

17%

   

Kryptopyroles

μg/dl

39.3

+/- 30.

35.8

+/- 15

 

n.s.

14-56

13%

11%

   
  1. The p-value for a t-test comparison of the two groups is also reported. If the p-value is below 0.05, then the % difference between the groups is reported, and the result is highlighted.
  2. The table also lists the reference range of the neurotypical group (10th and 90th percentiles), and the % of the Autism group who are above or below the reference ranges. Note that if the groups were identical, 10% would be above and 10% would be below. Percentages above 25% are highlighted. Reference Ranges from Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry (Burtis and Ashwood 1999), the NHANES National Report, and Sonora Quest are given where available.
  3. a) From Wyatt et al 1991 [110].
  4. b) From Schleicher et al 2009 [111], based on NHANES data from 1999-2002 [38].
  5. * Statistically significant difference between the two groups with 95% confidence per Bonferroni analysis.
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Nutrition & Metabolism

ISSN: 1743-7075

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