Vitamins | Units | Autism Group | Neuro-typical Group | % Difference | p-value | Neurotypical Reference Range (10th and 90th percentiles) | Autism Group % below RR | Autism Group % above RR | Tietz Reference Range[39] | NHANES1999-2002 Reference Range (6-11 yr and 12-19 yr)[38] | Sonora Quest |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vit. A (plasma) | μg/100 ml | 54.3 +/- 10.7 | 54.9 +/- 12 |  | n.s. | 39-71 | 0% | 9% | 26-61 (7-19 yr) | 26.0-51.2 30.8-70.6 (in serum) | 26-49 (7-12 yr, in serum) |
Total Carotenes (beta carotene and other carotenes, in plasma) | μg/100 ml | 150 +/- 55 | 178 +/-53 | -16% | 0.01 | 111-251 | 29% | 8% |  |  |  |
Vit B1 Thiamine (WB) | μg/l | 64 +/- 10 | 63 +/-9 |  | n.s. | 48-72 | 11% | 20% | 56 +/- 12 (children and young adults)a |  | 87-280 nmol.L (adult) |
Vit B2 Riboflavin (WB) | μg/l | 284 +/- 42 | 282 +/-52 |  | n.s. | 224-332 | 4% | 15% |  |  |  |
Vit B3 Niacin and Niacinamide (WB) | μg/l | 7.00 +/- 1.1 | 7.07 +/-0.97 |  | n.s. | 5.9-8.2 | 16% | 15% |  |  |  |
Vit B5 Pantothenic Acid (WB) | μg/l | 640 +/- 128 | 714 +/-180 | -11% | 0.02 | 504-965 | 11% | 0% | 200-1800 (adult) |  |  |
Vit B6 (as P5P in RBC) | μg/l | 17.9 +/- 16 | 15.2 +/-5.3 |  | n.s. | 8-21 | 13% | 20% |  |  |  |
Folic Acid (serum) | μg/l | 17.7 +/- 7.2 | 18.7 +/-6.1 |  | n.s. | 12-28 | 20% | 7% | 3-20 (adult) | 9.9-33.2 6.0-24.7 | 3.1-17.5 (adult) |
Vit B12 (plasma) | ng/l | 699 +/- 235 | 676 +/-215 | Â | n.s. | 327-938 | 4% | 18% | 200-835 (adult) | 369-1260 267-941 (in serum) | 243-394 (adult, in serum) |
Vit C (plasma) | mg/100 ml | 1.57 +/- 0.61 | 1.33 +/-0.46 | +18% | 0.03 | 0.75-1.85 | 13% | 29% | 0.4-1.5 (adult) | 0.2-1.7 (12-19 yr, in serum)b | 0.2-1.9 (adult) |
Vit D3 (25-hydroxy in plasma) | μg/l | 29.9 +/-8.4 | 28.6 +/-8.4 |  | n.s. | 19-44 | 9% | 7% | 14-60 (adult) | 17-35 13-35 | 30-100 |
Total Vit E (serum) | mg/100 ml | 0.78 +/- 0.18 | 0.90 +/-0.32 | -14% | 0.03 | 0.6-1.4 | 9% | 0% | 0.45-0.95 (1-19 yr) | 0.55-1.13 0.53-1.14 | Â |
Biotin (WB) | ng/l | 394 +/-100 | 491 +/-164 | -20% | 0.001 * | 257-709 | 7% | 0% | 200-500 (adult) | Â | Â |
Vit K (plasma) | ng/l | 294 +/- 158 | 295 +/- 189 | Â | n.s. | 129-530 | 9% | 7% | 130-1190 (adult) | Â | 80-1160 (adult) |
Vitamin-like substances | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Free Choline (RBC) | mg/l | 6.3 +/- 2.9 | 5.6 +/- 1.7 | Â | n.s. | 4.0-7.6 | 22% | 35% | Â | Â | Â |
Total Choline (RBC) | mg/l | 363 +/- 66 | 310 +/- 51 | +17% | < 0.0001 * | 260-362 | 5% | 53% | Â | Â | Â |
Lipoic Acid (plasma) | μg/l | 2.56 +/- 1.5 | 2.85 +/- 1.2 |  | n.s. | 1.2-4.5 | 5% | 16% |  |  |  |
Biomarkers of functional need for vitamins | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
FIGLU | μg/l | 1.99 +/- 0.92 | 1.62 +/- 0.72 | +23 % | 0.03 | 0.65-2.6 | 5% | 27% |  |  |  |
Methylmalonic Acid | mg/g-creatinine | 9.0 +/- 7.3 | 7.5 +/- 5.0 | Â | n.s. | 1.6-13.7 | 2% | 13% | Â | Â | Â |
N-methyl-nicotinamide | mg/g-creatinine | 5.0 +/- 4.4 | 3.6 +/- 2.3 | +40% | 0.04 | 1.2-7.1 | 13% | 17% | Â | Â | Â |
Kryptopyroles | μg/dl | 39.3 +/- 30. | 35.8 +/- 15 |  | n.s. | 14-56 | 13% | 11% |  |  |  |