Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the studied population (n = 1,178)

Age (year)

45 ± 10

(20-68)

46 ± 10

(21-69)

47 ± 10

(22-70)

Body weight (kg)

68.8 ± 9.5

(43.7-118.5)

68.8 ± 9.6

(44.4-124.5)

68.7 ± 9.7

(44.0-118.1)

Body mass index (kg/m²)

23.8 ± 2.9

(16.4-37.6)

23.8 ± 3.0

(15.9-39.4)

23.8 ± 3.0

(16.0-37.1)

Waist circumference (cm)

82.5 ± 8.1

(59-119)

82.5 ± 8.2

(60-117)

81.9 ± 8.0

(59-119)

Estimated visceral fat area (cm²)

88.5 ± 38.5

(14-304)

89.8 ± 39.3

(4-290)

87.8 ± 37.8

(4-316)

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

123 ± 14

(86-174)

122 ± 15

(90-186)

122 ± 16

(87-190)

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

75 ± 10

(45-120)

75 ± 11

(46-110)

75 ± 11

(51-116)

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

5.17 ± 0.85

(2.6-8.7)

5.20 ± 0.86

(2.8-8.5)

5.19 ± 0.85

(2.5-8.6)

Triglyceride (mmol/L)

1.61 ± 1.36

(0.25-23.8)

1.65 ± 1.21

(0.24-10.6)

1.62 ± 1.25

(0.24-16.8)

High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (mmol/L)

1.43 ± 0.34

(0.62-2.75)

1.50 ± 0.38

(0.57-3.39)

1.50 ± 0.39

(0.39-2.93)

Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (mmol/L)

3.00 ± 0.75

(0.93-6.14)

3.23 ± 0.80

(0.91-6.68)

3.12 ± 0.78

(0.67-5.88)

Hemoglobin A1c (%), JDS

5.1 ± 0.6

(3.0-10.8)

5.1 ± 0.5

(3.5-10.2)

5.2 ± 0.5

(3.3-9.9)

γ-GTP (μkat/L)

0.48 ± 0.55

(0.10-6.30)

0.47 ± 0.57

(0.08-8.85)

0.49 ± 0.63

(0.09-6.81)

Creatinine (μmol/L)

77.8 ± 9.8

(49.5-116.7)

75.8 ± 10.1

(43.3-113.2)

75.4 ± 10.0

(48.6-116.7)

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

77.0 ± 11.8

(44.6-124.9)

78.8 ± 12.5

(46.6-135.5)

78.8 ± 12.6

(47.7-138.0)

Uric acid (mmol/L)

362.0 ± 71.8

(136.8-618.6)

361.0 ± 72.6

(124.9-672.2)

360.5 ± 70.3

(124.9-636.5)

TBARS (nmol/mL)

7.6 ± 2.3

(3.0-20.1)

7.7 ± 2.0

(3.7-25.3)

5.9 ± 1.6

(2.8-18.7)

Adiponectin (μg/mL)

6.7 ± 3.1

(0.8-31.8)

7.0 ± 3.3

(0.7-37.3)

7.3 ± 3.7

(0.6-39.1)

Smoking

   Current-smoker

n = 460

39.0%

n = 442

37.5%

n = 366

31.1%

   Ex-smoker

n = 172

14.6%

n = 186

15.8%

n = 170

14.4%

   Non-smoker

n = 546

46.4%

n = 550

46.7%

n = 642

54.5%