Long-term high-fat-diet feeding induces skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis in rats in a sex-dependent and muscle-type specific manner

Table 4 Serum parameters

	*Control*	*HFD*	*ANOVA*
Glucose (mM)
Male	6.76 ± 0.23	6.34 ± 0.20	NS
Female	5.95 ± 0.37	6.37 ± 0.36
Insulin (μg/L)
Male	1.79 ± 0.36	1.92 ± 0.47	S
Female	0.442 ± 0.124^b	0.976 ± 0.151^{a, b}
HOMA-IR
Male	14.6 ± 2.4	11.4 ± 2.2	S, S*D
Female	2.45 ± 0.64^b	7.01 ± 0.70^a,b
Total Adiponectin (ng/μL)
Male	5.86 ± 0.20	5.97 ± 0.46	D, S*D
Female	5.06 ± 0.39^b	6.49 ± 0.31^a
HMW Adiponectin (ng/μL)
Male	3.86 ± 0.53	2.39 ± 0.32^a	S*D
Female	3.63 ± 0.36	4.11 ± 0.40^b
HMW Adiponectin/Total Adiponectin
Male	0.655 ± 0.078	0.405 ± 0.054^a	S, D
Female	0.773 ± 0.121	0.636 ± 0.053^b
Triglyceride (g/L)
Male	2.58 ± 0.25	2.43 ± 0.20	D, S*D
Female	1.67 ± 0.14^b	2.68 ± 0.21^a

HOMA-IR was calculated as [fasting glucose (mM) × fasting insulin (μU/mL)]/22.5. Values are expressed as the mean ± S.E.M of ten animals per group. ANOVA (p < 0.05): S sex effect, D HFD effect, S*D sex and HFD interactive effect and NS non significant effect. Student's t-test (p < 0.05):^a HFD vs control,^b female vs male.

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