Table 1 Anthropometric, body composition, hormonal and biochemical parameters of obese groups and non-obese control subjects

Age (yr)

37 ± 5

38 ± 11

34 ± 9

33 ± 6

Gender (Male/female)

4/17

6/11

6/15

5/16

BMI (kg/m²)

41.4 ± 4.1

43.3 ± 4.7

48.4 ± 8.3^‡

22.1 ± 2.9^§,¶,**

Waist circumference (cm)

121.1 ± 13.5

129.0 ± 14.3

137.0 ± 15.4

74.8 ± 7.6^§,¶,**

Systolic BP (mmHg)

124.6 ± 5.2

128.5 ± 7.5

127.4 ± 7.1

121.4 ± 5.9

Diastolic BP (mmHg)

78.2 ± 6.4

77.6 ± 9.0

76.8 ± 7.7

74.2 ± 8.9

FFM %

38.0 ± 13.1

33.5 ± 15.2

35.0 ± 14.1

nd

BFM %

43.2 ± 16.4

47.5 ± 12.4

49.8 ± 14.4

nd

REE kcal/d

1608 ± 285

1732 ± 299

1827 ± 352

nd

Glucose (mmol/L)

5.3 ± 0.3

5.4 ± 0.6

5.0 ± 0.5

4.5 ± 0.5^§,¶

Insulin (mU/L)

16.0 ± 8.3

26.1 ± 10.3*

22.1 ± 7.4

7.1 ± 3.3^§,¶,**

HOMA-IR score

3.8 ± 2.3

6.1 ± 2.5*

4.5 ± 1.6^†

1.4 ± 0.7^§,¶,**

hs-CRP (mg/L)

5.3 ± 2.2

6.5 ± 3.9

13.8 ± 4.6^†,‡

1.0 ± 0.6^§,¶,**

Creatinine (μmol/L)

60.6 ± 4.2

65.5 ± 3.8

57.6 ± 5.2

53.7 ± 2.2

Adiponectin (mg/L)

7.5 ± 3.6

4.9 ± 2.9*

6.1 ± 3.4

9.8 ± 4.8^¶,**

Resistin (ng/mL)

17.9 ± 7.5

17.1 ± 9.0

22.3 ± 13.2

10.9 ± 3.4^§,¶,**

Leptin (ng/mL)

58.2 ± 22.3

65.3 ± 24.6

82.1 ± 48.4^‡

12.6 ± 10.3^§,¶,**

Ghrelin (pg/mL)

185.3 ± 85.3

150.3 ± 61.6

161.2 ± 49

298.6 ± 99.4^§,¶,**

Free fatty acids (mmol/L)

0.5 ± 0.2

0.6 ± 0.2

0.7 ± 0.2^‡

0.4 ± 0.2^¶,**

Triglycerides (mmol/L)

0.9 ± 0.3

2.4 ± 0.8*

1.0 ± 0.2^†

0.9 ± 0.1^¶

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

4.4 ± 0.5

4.4 ± 0.7

3.9 ± 0.7

4.3 ± 0.5

HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)

1.36 ± 0.1

0.72 ± 0.1*

0.76 ± 0.1^‡

1.56 ± 0.1^¶,**

LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)

3.1 ± 0.5

3.3 ± 0.7

3.1 ± 0.6

2.3 ± 0.5

ApoA-I (g/L)

1.6 ± 0.2

1.28 ± 0.1*

1.2 ± 0.1^‡

1.7 ± 0.2^¶,**

ApoB-100 (mg/L)

856.1 ± 165

947.7 ± 289*

771.3 ± 269^†

736.9 ± 126^¶

ApoC-III (mg/L)

102.1 ± 20.3

169.5 ± 71.6*

93.8 ± 15.2^†

114.0 ± 30.1^¶

ApoC-II (mg/L)

34.5 ± 9.5

56.5 ± 19.5*

29.4 ± 8.4^†

36.8 ± 10.3^¶

Total apoC-III ⁄ total apoC-II

3.1 ± 0.7

3.0 ± 0.6

3.2 ± 0.7

2.9 ± 0.6

ApoB-48 (mg/L)

4.1 ± 1.7

8.8 ± 4,0*

3.5 ± 1.7^†

3.9 ± 1.8^¶