Figure 5

Boostering effects of cow´s milk consumption on prostate cancer-associated high mTORC1 signaling. Milk and dairy protein consumption increase serum insulin and IGF-1 concentrations and provide abundant leucine for mTORC1 activation. Milk-derived estrogens and androgen-precursors from pregnant* cows augment LAT-mediated leucine uptake promoting further mTORC1 activation. Milk signaling shares common pathways of PCa with hyperactivated mTORC1 signaling due to cancer-associated alterations of Akt, PI3K, PTEN and Rheb (labeled in red).